Combined Science GCSE – SCI-GCSE-01 –
Comprehensive Revision Notes (Complete Study
Summary)
atomic number - the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
valence electrons - electrons in the outermost shell
speed (m/s) distance= speed x time - speed is a measure of how far an object can travel in a certain
amount of time
velocity (m/s) - Speed in a given direction
Akali Metals - metals that have 1 electron in their outer shell, the further it is from nucleus, the
easier to lose (more reactive)
Halogens (nonmetal) - 7 electrons in their outer shell
ionic compound - an electron from one element is given away to a full outer shell from another
element (metal and nonmetal),
-transfer of electrons between atoms
-because they gained/lost electrons, they are oppositely charged so they will attract each
other
covalent bond - sharing of electrons between atoms (nonmetals only) to complete outer
shells
ionic lattices - giant structures of alternating positive and negative ions grouped by ionic bounds
-requires lots of energy to break down
-graphite/diamonds
metallic bounding - the outer electrons are delocalized and are attracted to the newly formed metal
ions by electrostatic attraction
metals - -high melting and boiling
-conductors (free electrons)
-malleable(can be bend)
-ductile(can be drawn into wires)
alloys - adding different elements to metals (to become stronger with various properties)
,Hooke's law (Force= spring constant x Extension) - extension of spring is proportional to the force
stretching it (f=kx)
Acceleration acceleration= change in velocity/time - rate at which an object changes it's
speed
Friction - opposing force
Moment = force x distance - larger moment = larger turning effect
Chloroplasts - Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll which takes in light for food
Cell wall - external barrier which protects and supports
Nucleus - controls how the cell works and has DNA
Cytoplasm - material where all organelles are found
cell membrane - controls movement of substances and holds the cell and its contains
vacuole - cavity which contains water and nutrients
breathing in - -intercoastal muscles contract and pull out chest
-diaphragm muscles contracts and flattens
- lungs increase in size
gas exchange - -many alveolar for increased surface area of gas exchange
-one cell thick to allow diffusion of co2 out and o2 in blood capillaries
-constant flood flow with surfactant for easier diffusion
digested food and transport - -dissolved food and oxygen are carried by circulation system
-blood cells carrying food and oxygen are close enough to all body cells to provide.
respiration - release of energy from digested food
aerobic respiration - Respiration that requires oxygen
Anaerobic respiration - -without oxygen
-lactic acid build up in muscles and restrict them
-liver breaks down lactic acid using o2
-oxygen debt
exercise - -oxygen and glucose need to reach muscle quickly
-blood is pumped faster
-lungs breath more to provide more oxygenated blood to cells
Fermentation - -form of anaerobic respiration
-sugar is broken down alcohol and c02
, -no oxygen=anaerobic respiration
kinetic energy - kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x speed^2
E=1/2 x mass x v^2
gravitation potential energy - =mass x gravity(10n) x height
artery - -carries blood away from heart
-thick
-high blood pressure (strong)
capillary - -one cell thick
-thin
-low pressure flows slowly
-surrounded by body cells
vein - -carry blood to heart
-thin muscular
-low pressure
-valves prevent backflow
circulatory system - group of organs that assist moment of substances around the body
heart - coronary-heart
pulmonary-lungs
work/moment w=FxD - workdone=force x distanced moved in direction of force
red blood cells - transport oxygen that contains hemoglobin (which combines with oxygen)
-lack of nucleus
-small size with large surface area
white blood cells - immune system that removes pathogens by engulfing them
photosynthesis - water + c02 >>light>> oxygen + glucose
radioactive - random decay of unstable nuclei which gives ionizing radiation
-alpha particles 2 protons 2 neutrons high ionizing but cant penetrate
-beta particles-electrons emitted from nucleus when neutron split medium ionizing can penetrate
-gamma particles are short waves of energy high penetrating but low ionizing
leaves convert light energy into chemical energy - guard cells open and close the stomata to allow
gases in and out
Comprehensive Revision Notes (Complete Study
Summary)
atomic number - the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
valence electrons - electrons in the outermost shell
speed (m/s) distance= speed x time - speed is a measure of how far an object can travel in a certain
amount of time
velocity (m/s) - Speed in a given direction
Akali Metals - metals that have 1 electron in their outer shell, the further it is from nucleus, the
easier to lose (more reactive)
Halogens (nonmetal) - 7 electrons in their outer shell
ionic compound - an electron from one element is given away to a full outer shell from another
element (metal and nonmetal),
-transfer of electrons between atoms
-because they gained/lost electrons, they are oppositely charged so they will attract each
other
covalent bond - sharing of electrons between atoms (nonmetals only) to complete outer
shells
ionic lattices - giant structures of alternating positive and negative ions grouped by ionic bounds
-requires lots of energy to break down
-graphite/diamonds
metallic bounding - the outer electrons are delocalized and are attracted to the newly formed metal
ions by electrostatic attraction
metals - -high melting and boiling
-conductors (free electrons)
-malleable(can be bend)
-ductile(can be drawn into wires)
alloys - adding different elements to metals (to become stronger with various properties)
,Hooke's law (Force= spring constant x Extension) - extension of spring is proportional to the force
stretching it (f=kx)
Acceleration acceleration= change in velocity/time - rate at which an object changes it's
speed
Friction - opposing force
Moment = force x distance - larger moment = larger turning effect
Chloroplasts - Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll which takes in light for food
Cell wall - external barrier which protects and supports
Nucleus - controls how the cell works and has DNA
Cytoplasm - material where all organelles are found
cell membrane - controls movement of substances and holds the cell and its contains
vacuole - cavity which contains water and nutrients
breathing in - -intercoastal muscles contract and pull out chest
-diaphragm muscles contracts and flattens
- lungs increase in size
gas exchange - -many alveolar for increased surface area of gas exchange
-one cell thick to allow diffusion of co2 out and o2 in blood capillaries
-constant flood flow with surfactant for easier diffusion
digested food and transport - -dissolved food and oxygen are carried by circulation system
-blood cells carrying food and oxygen are close enough to all body cells to provide.
respiration - release of energy from digested food
aerobic respiration - Respiration that requires oxygen
Anaerobic respiration - -without oxygen
-lactic acid build up in muscles and restrict them
-liver breaks down lactic acid using o2
-oxygen debt
exercise - -oxygen and glucose need to reach muscle quickly
-blood is pumped faster
-lungs breath more to provide more oxygenated blood to cells
Fermentation - -form of anaerobic respiration
-sugar is broken down alcohol and c02
, -no oxygen=anaerobic respiration
kinetic energy - kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x speed^2
E=1/2 x mass x v^2
gravitation potential energy - =mass x gravity(10n) x height
artery - -carries blood away from heart
-thick
-high blood pressure (strong)
capillary - -one cell thick
-thin
-low pressure flows slowly
-surrounded by body cells
vein - -carry blood to heart
-thin muscular
-low pressure
-valves prevent backflow
circulatory system - group of organs that assist moment of substances around the body
heart - coronary-heart
pulmonary-lungs
work/moment w=FxD - workdone=force x distanced moved in direction of force
red blood cells - transport oxygen that contains hemoglobin (which combines with oxygen)
-lack of nucleus
-small size with large surface area
white blood cells - immune system that removes pathogens by engulfing them
photosynthesis - water + c02 >>light>> oxygen + glucose
radioactive - random decay of unstable nuclei which gives ionizing radiation
-alpha particles 2 protons 2 neutrons high ionizing but cant penetrate
-beta particles-electrons emitted from nucleus when neutron split medium ionizing can penetrate
-gamma particles are short waves of energy high penetrating but low ionizing
leaves convert light energy into chemical energy - guard cells open and close the stomata to allow
gases in and out
