PSIO 305 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
systemic communication - Answer -prompt cells, organs, and systems to do something
to maintain homeostasis of critical physiological processes
duchenne muscular dystrophy - Answer -loss of bone and muscle occurring in parallel
resulted in enlargement of specific areas of cerebral cortex and changes in dendrites
exposure to novel and enriched environment
chronic disorders - Answer -associated with low circulating levels of brain derived
neurotrophic
BDNF - Answer -increased in contracting skeletal muscle in vivo
trophic - Answer -greek word "trophikos" = nutrition
promotes cell growth, differentiation, survival
long term (or longer) effects
robust phenomenon but sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
causes of increased bone mineral density (BMD) - Answer -increase neural inputs and
activity or contraction (electrical or chemical), increase impact (mechanical)
via multiple modes of cell-cell-tissue communication
an increase in all of the following would suggest trophic communication or support
except - Answer -rate of respiration with exercise
neuron - Answer -the functional unit of the nervous system: excitable membrane and
structure allow it to communicate over short or long distances
cell body and dendrites - Answer -receptive area for incoming input from other neurons
cell body - Answer -powerhouse and maintenance man as per all cells
axon - Answer -cable to transmit signal to other neurons or effector cells
length can vary from microns to meters
synapse - Answer -site of communication, converting electrical signal to chemical
signal
presynaptic - Answer -axon terminal or bouton: contains vesicles of neurotransmitter
chemical messengers (NT's)
post synaptic - Answer -replete with receptors for NT's to continue signaling process
, fast synapse type (ionotropic synapses) - Answer -dependent on ion flux through
ligand-gated ion channels, generating voltage changes from small end plate potentials
to action potentials
slow of metabotropic synapses - Answer -post synaptic response occurs via any of a
number 2nd messenger cell signaling pathways that result in longer term changes in
cell metabolism, protein synthesis or gene activation
neuroglia - Answer -comprise a much larger % of the cells in the NS
structural support, insulin to minimize current loss along the axon, environmental
maintenance for surrounding neurons, trophic support and organizational info during
growth and throughout life
proprioception - Answer -knowledge of body and parts
organized somatotopically in the CNS
homunculus - Answer -indicates the relative sensitivity of each body part, with larger
areas indicating more sensory neurons providing input from a body part
movement plan - Answer -must take into account starting point, stopping point, speed,
direction, required force and appropriate muscles to activate
frontal lobe association area and pre motor cortex - Answer -involved very early in
formulating the plan (initiation, idea, why/how this plan, etc)
primary motor cortex - Answer -in frontal lobe
relays final movement plan to spinal cord to activate relevant motor units (and muscles)
for movement
primary sensory cortex - Answer -parietal lobe
receives somatotopically arranged sensory input to be utilized in addressing key issues
association area - Answer -parietal lobe
integrates info from many individual body parts to provide a sense of whole body or
whole sides of body
cerebellum - Answer -balance, motor learning, coordination, and termination or braking
of movement segments
basal ganglia - Answer -collection of nuclei involved in initiation of movement, learning
and choice of movement repertoires, as well as in memory tasks
higher motor centers - Answer -work as a committee
complex intercommunication
formulate motor plan: muscles, force, speed
systemic communication - Answer -prompt cells, organs, and systems to do something
to maintain homeostasis of critical physiological processes
duchenne muscular dystrophy - Answer -loss of bone and muscle occurring in parallel
resulted in enlargement of specific areas of cerebral cortex and changes in dendrites
exposure to novel and enriched environment
chronic disorders - Answer -associated with low circulating levels of brain derived
neurotrophic
BDNF - Answer -increased in contracting skeletal muscle in vivo
trophic - Answer -greek word "trophikos" = nutrition
promotes cell growth, differentiation, survival
long term (or longer) effects
robust phenomenon but sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
causes of increased bone mineral density (BMD) - Answer -increase neural inputs and
activity or contraction (electrical or chemical), increase impact (mechanical)
via multiple modes of cell-cell-tissue communication
an increase in all of the following would suggest trophic communication or support
except - Answer -rate of respiration with exercise
neuron - Answer -the functional unit of the nervous system: excitable membrane and
structure allow it to communicate over short or long distances
cell body and dendrites - Answer -receptive area for incoming input from other neurons
cell body - Answer -powerhouse and maintenance man as per all cells
axon - Answer -cable to transmit signal to other neurons or effector cells
length can vary from microns to meters
synapse - Answer -site of communication, converting electrical signal to chemical
signal
presynaptic - Answer -axon terminal or bouton: contains vesicles of neurotransmitter
chemical messengers (NT's)
post synaptic - Answer -replete with receptors for NT's to continue signaling process
, fast synapse type (ionotropic synapses) - Answer -dependent on ion flux through
ligand-gated ion channels, generating voltage changes from small end plate potentials
to action potentials
slow of metabotropic synapses - Answer -post synaptic response occurs via any of a
number 2nd messenger cell signaling pathways that result in longer term changes in
cell metabolism, protein synthesis or gene activation
neuroglia - Answer -comprise a much larger % of the cells in the NS
structural support, insulin to minimize current loss along the axon, environmental
maintenance for surrounding neurons, trophic support and organizational info during
growth and throughout life
proprioception - Answer -knowledge of body and parts
organized somatotopically in the CNS
homunculus - Answer -indicates the relative sensitivity of each body part, with larger
areas indicating more sensory neurons providing input from a body part
movement plan - Answer -must take into account starting point, stopping point, speed,
direction, required force and appropriate muscles to activate
frontal lobe association area and pre motor cortex - Answer -involved very early in
formulating the plan (initiation, idea, why/how this plan, etc)
primary motor cortex - Answer -in frontal lobe
relays final movement plan to spinal cord to activate relevant motor units (and muscles)
for movement
primary sensory cortex - Answer -parietal lobe
receives somatotopically arranged sensory input to be utilized in addressing key issues
association area - Answer -parietal lobe
integrates info from many individual body parts to provide a sense of whole body or
whole sides of body
cerebellum - Answer -balance, motor learning, coordination, and termination or braking
of movement segments
basal ganglia - Answer -collection of nuclei involved in initiation of movement, learning
and choice of movement repertoires, as well as in memory tasks
higher motor centers - Answer -work as a committee
complex intercommunication
formulate motor plan: muscles, force, speed
