Latest AP Statistics 2025/2026
Exam Review
Addition Rule - ANSWER-P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(A) - P(A ∩ B) aids in computing the
chances of one of several events occurring at a given time.
Alpha (α) - ANSWER-The probability of a Type I error. See significance level.
Alternative Hypothesis - ANSWER-The hypothesis stating what the researcher is
seeking evidence of. A statement of inequality. It can be written looking for the
difference or change in one direction from the null hypothesis or both.
Association - ANSWER-Relationship between or among variables.
Back-Transform - ANSWER-The process by which values are substituted into a model
of transformed data, and then reversing the transforming process to obtain the predicted
value or model for nontransformed data.
Bar Chart - ANSWER-A graphical display used with categorical data, where frequencies
for each category are shown in vertical bars.
Bell-Shaped - ANSWER-Often used to describe the normal distribution. See mound-
shaped.
Beta (β) - ANSWER-The probability of a Type II error. See power.
Bias - ANSWER-The term for systematic deviation from the truth (parameter), caused
by systematically favoring some outcomes over others.
Biased - ANSWER-A sampling method is biased if it tends to produce samples that do
not represent the population.
Bimodal - ANSWER-A distribution with two clear peaks.
Binomial Distribution - ANSWER-The probability distribution of a binomial random
variable.
Binomial Random Variable - ANSWER-A random variable x (a) that has a fixed number
of trials of a random phenomenon n, (b) that has only two possible outcomes on each
trial, (c) for which the probability of a success is constant for each trial, and (d) for which
each trial is independent of other trials.
Bins - ANSWER-The intervals that define the "bars" of a histrogram.
, Bivariate Data - ANSWER-Consists of two variables, an explanatory and a response
variable, usually quantitative.
Blinding - ANSWER-Practice of denying knowledge to subjects about which treatment is
imposed upon them.
Blocks - ANSWER-Subgroups of the experimental units that are separated by some
characteristic before treatments are assigned because they may respond differently to
the treatments.
Box-And-Whisker Plot/Boxplot - ANSWER-A graphical display of the five-number
summary of a set of data, which also shows outliers.
Categorical Variable - ANSWER-A variable recorded as labels, names, or other non-
numerical outcomes.
Census - ANSWER-A study that observes, or attempts to observe, every individual in a
population.
Central Limit Theorem - ANSWER-As the size n of a simple random sample increases,
the shape of the sampling distribution of x̄ tends toward being normally distributed.
Chance Device - ANSWER-A mechanism used to determine random outcomes.
Cluster Sample - ANSWER-A sample in which a simple random sample of
heterogeneous subgroups of a population is selected.
Clusters - ANSWER-Heterogeneous subgroups of a population.
Coefficient of Determination (r²) - ANSWER-Percent of variation in the response
variable explained by its linear relationship with the explanatory variable.
Complement - ANSWER-The compliment of an event is that event not occurring.
Complementary Randomized Design - ANSWER-One in which all experimental units
are assigned treatments solely by chance.
Conditional Distribution - ANSWER-See conditional frequencies.
Conditional Frequencies - ANSWER-Relative frequencies for each cell in a two-way
table relative to one variable.
Conditional Probability - ANSWER-The probability of an event occurring given that
another has occurred. The probability of A given that B has occurred is denoted as
P(A|B).
Exam Review
Addition Rule - ANSWER-P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(A) - P(A ∩ B) aids in computing the
chances of one of several events occurring at a given time.
Alpha (α) - ANSWER-The probability of a Type I error. See significance level.
Alternative Hypothesis - ANSWER-The hypothesis stating what the researcher is
seeking evidence of. A statement of inequality. It can be written looking for the
difference or change in one direction from the null hypothesis or both.
Association - ANSWER-Relationship between or among variables.
Back-Transform - ANSWER-The process by which values are substituted into a model
of transformed data, and then reversing the transforming process to obtain the predicted
value or model for nontransformed data.
Bar Chart - ANSWER-A graphical display used with categorical data, where frequencies
for each category are shown in vertical bars.
Bell-Shaped - ANSWER-Often used to describe the normal distribution. See mound-
shaped.
Beta (β) - ANSWER-The probability of a Type II error. See power.
Bias - ANSWER-The term for systematic deviation from the truth (parameter), caused
by systematically favoring some outcomes over others.
Biased - ANSWER-A sampling method is biased if it tends to produce samples that do
not represent the population.
Bimodal - ANSWER-A distribution with two clear peaks.
Binomial Distribution - ANSWER-The probability distribution of a binomial random
variable.
Binomial Random Variable - ANSWER-A random variable x (a) that has a fixed number
of trials of a random phenomenon n, (b) that has only two possible outcomes on each
trial, (c) for which the probability of a success is constant for each trial, and (d) for which
each trial is independent of other trials.
Bins - ANSWER-The intervals that define the "bars" of a histrogram.
, Bivariate Data - ANSWER-Consists of two variables, an explanatory and a response
variable, usually quantitative.
Blinding - ANSWER-Practice of denying knowledge to subjects about which treatment is
imposed upon them.
Blocks - ANSWER-Subgroups of the experimental units that are separated by some
characteristic before treatments are assigned because they may respond differently to
the treatments.
Box-And-Whisker Plot/Boxplot - ANSWER-A graphical display of the five-number
summary of a set of data, which also shows outliers.
Categorical Variable - ANSWER-A variable recorded as labels, names, or other non-
numerical outcomes.
Census - ANSWER-A study that observes, or attempts to observe, every individual in a
population.
Central Limit Theorem - ANSWER-As the size n of a simple random sample increases,
the shape of the sampling distribution of x̄ tends toward being normally distributed.
Chance Device - ANSWER-A mechanism used to determine random outcomes.
Cluster Sample - ANSWER-A sample in which a simple random sample of
heterogeneous subgroups of a population is selected.
Clusters - ANSWER-Heterogeneous subgroups of a population.
Coefficient of Determination (r²) - ANSWER-Percent of variation in the response
variable explained by its linear relationship with the explanatory variable.
Complement - ANSWER-The compliment of an event is that event not occurring.
Complementary Randomized Design - ANSWER-One in which all experimental units
are assigned treatments solely by chance.
Conditional Distribution - ANSWER-See conditional frequencies.
Conditional Frequencies - ANSWER-Relative frequencies for each cell in a two-way
table relative to one variable.
Conditional Probability - ANSWER-The probability of an event occurring given that
another has occurred. The probability of A given that B has occurred is denoted as
P(A|B).
