-Immanuel Kant-
✩ ILLUSTRATION
ILLUSTRATION ⇨ room= light of reason (knowledge)
Autonomous way of thinking =no principle of authority ⇨ OPINIONS DIFFERENT
Spirit of trying⇨challenge to COURAGE to think
Kant = “Dig hears"⇨to be daring (to dare) to know
Going against the rules imposed by others =to discuss what was not discussed ⇨ancient
thinkers, Church, social stratification (class inequality)
Light= guidance, clarity, allows you to discover what you didn't know
Reason - people - knowledge - bourgeoisie⇨ CONCEPTS FUNDAMENTALS
Darkness = lack of clarity, fear, confusion.⇨ Middle Ages(ignorant)
THOUGHT CRITICAL ⇨a very powerful light capable of illuminating every aspect of
knowledge and behavior
PROGRESS SOCIAL= through reason
Alfieri, Goldoni, Parini⇨men of letters
Diderot, D'arenberg⇨ ENCYCLOPEDIA
Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau⇨thinkers
Born in England (1748)⇨developed in France (1789)
French Revolution Withbourgeois⇨fall of the old regime (absolute monarchy) =Louis XVI
assassinated
Bourgeois= Enlightenment ideology⇨ruling class
Proletariat= dominated class (they worked in factories for the bourgeoisie)⇨The only property
is the (poor) family.
Cultural centers, cafes, newspapers, pamphlets, intellectual circles=CIRCULAR IDEA
A more open and tolerant society =natural rights
Public opinion is born = they can participate in politics and express their opinions.⇨not
subjects but citizens
Ley natural= we all have the right to be human
Deism Religion⇨ GOD = REASON(“Goddess of Reason”)
✩ BIOGRAPHY
Emmanuel Kant(1724-1804) = then and Königsberg
philosopher of the German Enlightenment⇨He revolutionized knowledge, ethics, and
metaphysics.
He spent his entire life in or near his hometown = works as a professor at a university from
Königsberg
He laid the foundations for the "Copernican inflection point"in knowledge
“Answer to the question: What is Enlightenment?”⇨ 1784
“Critique of Pure Reason”⇨ 1781
✩ ANSWER TO THE QUESTION: WHAT IS LIGHTING?
✩ ILLUSTRATION
ILLUSTRATION ⇨ room= light of reason (knowledge)
Autonomous way of thinking =no principle of authority ⇨ OPINIONS DIFFERENT
Spirit of trying⇨challenge to COURAGE to think
Kant = “Dig hears"⇨to be daring (to dare) to know
Going against the rules imposed by others =to discuss what was not discussed ⇨ancient
thinkers, Church, social stratification (class inequality)
Light= guidance, clarity, allows you to discover what you didn't know
Reason - people - knowledge - bourgeoisie⇨ CONCEPTS FUNDAMENTALS
Darkness = lack of clarity, fear, confusion.⇨ Middle Ages(ignorant)
THOUGHT CRITICAL ⇨a very powerful light capable of illuminating every aspect of
knowledge and behavior
PROGRESS SOCIAL= through reason
Alfieri, Goldoni, Parini⇨men of letters
Diderot, D'arenberg⇨ ENCYCLOPEDIA
Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau⇨thinkers
Born in England (1748)⇨developed in France (1789)
French Revolution Withbourgeois⇨fall of the old regime (absolute monarchy) =Louis XVI
assassinated
Bourgeois= Enlightenment ideology⇨ruling class
Proletariat= dominated class (they worked in factories for the bourgeoisie)⇨The only property
is the (poor) family.
Cultural centers, cafes, newspapers, pamphlets, intellectual circles=CIRCULAR IDEA
A more open and tolerant society =natural rights
Public opinion is born = they can participate in politics and express their opinions.⇨not
subjects but citizens
Ley natural= we all have the right to be human
Deism Religion⇨ GOD = REASON(“Goddess of Reason”)
✩ BIOGRAPHY
Emmanuel Kant(1724-1804) = then and Königsberg
philosopher of the German Enlightenment⇨He revolutionized knowledge, ethics, and
metaphysics.
He spent his entire life in or near his hometown = works as a professor at a university from
Königsberg
He laid the foundations for the "Copernican inflection point"in knowledge
“Answer to the question: What is Enlightenment?”⇨ 1784
“Critique of Pure Reason”⇨ 1781
✩ ANSWER TO THE QUESTION: WHAT IS LIGHTING?
