PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 6501
WALDEN UNIVERSITY MIDTERM
EXAM 2025
A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the
following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? - -Answer: Anaerobic
glycolysis
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action
potential? - -Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the
membrane potential from negative to positive.
A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal
which of the following? - -Answer: XXY
A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the
nurse looking for? - -Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease
An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying
degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? - -
Answer: Expressivity
In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include
regarding cholesterol? - -Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the
erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen.
When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond? Cystic
fibrosis is caused by an _____ gene - -Answer: Autosomal recessive
How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? - -Answer: By
adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: - -
Answer: Sodium
The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: - -Answer:
Reduced protein synthesis
What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from
diseases? - -Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are
believed to result from cell injury.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an
absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her
features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the
elbow, and sparse body hair. - -Answer: Turner syndrome
A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
of the genetic information be contained? - -Answer: Nucleolus
The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is
the nurse describing? - -Answer: Maternal nondisjunction
A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of
this disease is associated with: - -Answer: Delayed age of onset
A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's best
response? - -Answer: Pregnancy in women over age 35
What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? - -Answer: Provide growth factor for
tissue growth and development
A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance.
Which finding will support this diagnosis? - -Answer: Inability to convert tyrosine to
DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine)
Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: - -Answer:
Decreased ATP production
A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that
oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: - -Answer: Plasma
proteins
The ion transporter that moves Na + and Ca 2+ simultaneously in the same direction is
an example of which of the following types of transport? - -Answer: Symport
A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the
fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this
condition? - -Answer: Tetraploidy
Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells? - -Answer: Because the
resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
Hypothyroidism - -A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less
productive than normal, does not produce enough T3 and T4
T3, T4, TSH - -Diagnosing hypo/hyperthyroidism T3/T4 = thyroid. TSH = Pituitary.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 6501
WALDEN UNIVERSITY MIDTERM
EXAM 2025
A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the
following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? - -Answer: Anaerobic
glycolysis
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action
potential? - -Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the
membrane potential from negative to positive.
A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal
which of the following? - -Answer: XXY
A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the
nurse looking for? - -Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease
An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying
degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? - -
Answer: Expressivity
In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include
regarding cholesterol? - -Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the
erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen.
When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond? Cystic
fibrosis is caused by an _____ gene - -Answer: Autosomal recessive
How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? - -Answer: By
adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: - -
Answer: Sodium
The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: - -Answer:
Reduced protein synthesis
What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from
diseases? - -Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are
believed to result from cell injury.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an
absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her
features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the
elbow, and sparse body hair. - -Answer: Turner syndrome
A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
of the genetic information be contained? - -Answer: Nucleolus
The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is
the nurse describing? - -Answer: Maternal nondisjunction
A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of
this disease is associated with: - -Answer: Delayed age of onset
A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's best
response? - -Answer: Pregnancy in women over age 35
What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? - -Answer: Provide growth factor for
tissue growth and development
A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance.
Which finding will support this diagnosis? - -Answer: Inability to convert tyrosine to
DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine)
Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: - -Answer:
Decreased ATP production
A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that
oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: - -Answer: Plasma
proteins
The ion transporter that moves Na + and Ca 2+ simultaneously in the same direction is
an example of which of the following types of transport? - -Answer: Symport
A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the
fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this
condition? - -Answer: Tetraploidy
Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells? - -Answer: Because the
resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
Hypothyroidism - -A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less
productive than normal, does not produce enough T3 and T4
T3, T4, TSH - -Diagnosing hypo/hyperthyroidism T3/T4 = thyroid. TSH = Pituitary.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
