Oncology Certification Exams Questions
And Verified Answers With Rationales
LATEST 2026
1. What is the most common site of metastasis for breast cancer?
a) Liver
b) Brain
c) Bone
d) Lungs
Answer: c) Bone
Bone is the most common site of metastasis for breast cancer, particularly the
spine, pelvis, and long bones.
2. Which chemotherapy agent is associated with hemorrhagic cystitis?
a) Cyclophosphamide
b) Methotrexate
c) Doxorubicin
d) Paclitaxel
Answer: a) Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide can cause hemorrhagic cystitis due to the accumulation of its
metabolite acrolein in the bladder.
,3. A 60-year-old male presents with painless hematuria and weight loss.
Cystoscopy reveals a mass in the bladder. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Bladder carcinoma
b) Renal cell carcinoma
c) Prostate cancer
d) Urethral carcinoma
Answer: a) Bladder carcinoma
Painless hematuria and weight loss are classic symptoms of bladder carcinoma,
especially in older males.
4. Which of the following is a risk factor for colorectal cancer?
a) High-fiber diet
b) Regular physical activity
c) Family history of colorectal cancer
d) Low-fat diet
Answer: c) Family history of colorectal cancer
A family history of colorectal cancer increases the risk, suggesting a genetic
predisposition.
5. What is the first-line treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC)?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Radiation therapy
c) Surgical resection
d) Immunotherapy
Answer: c) Surgical resection
,For early-stage NSCLC, surgical resection is the treatment of choice to achieve the
best outcomes.
6. Which biomarker is commonly elevated in prostate cancer?
a) CA-125
b) PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)
c) CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)
d) AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein)
Answer: b) PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)
PSA is a glycoprotein produced by the prostate gland; elevated levels can indicate
prostate cancer.
7. A 45-year-old woman presents with a palpable breast lump. Mammography
shows a well-circumscribed mass with microcalcifications. What is the most
likely diagnosis?
a) Fibroadenoma
b) Invasive ductal carcinoma
c) Ductal carcinoma in situ
d) Cyst
Answer: c) Ductal carcinoma in situ
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) presents as a well-circumscribed mass with
microcalcifications on mammography.
8. Which of the following is a common side effect of cisplatin?
a) Cardiotoxicity
b) Nephrotoxicity
, c) Pulmonary fibrosis
d) Peripheral neuropathy
Answer: b) Nephrotoxicity
Cisplatin is known for its nephrotoxic effects, which can lead to acute kidney
injury.
9. What is the standard treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Bone marrow transplant
c) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
d) Radiation therapy
Answer: c) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib, are the standard treatment for CML
due to their targeted action.
10. Which virus is associated with the development of cervical cancer?
a) Epstein-Barr virus
b) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
c) Hepatitis B virus
d) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Answer: b) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
HPV, particularly types 16 and 18, is a major risk factor for cervical cancer
development.
11. A patient with a history of chronic hepatitis B presents with jaundice and an
elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level. What is the most likely diagnosis?
And Verified Answers With Rationales
LATEST 2026
1. What is the most common site of metastasis for breast cancer?
a) Liver
b) Brain
c) Bone
d) Lungs
Answer: c) Bone
Bone is the most common site of metastasis for breast cancer, particularly the
spine, pelvis, and long bones.
2. Which chemotherapy agent is associated with hemorrhagic cystitis?
a) Cyclophosphamide
b) Methotrexate
c) Doxorubicin
d) Paclitaxel
Answer: a) Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide can cause hemorrhagic cystitis due to the accumulation of its
metabolite acrolein in the bladder.
,3. A 60-year-old male presents with painless hematuria and weight loss.
Cystoscopy reveals a mass in the bladder. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Bladder carcinoma
b) Renal cell carcinoma
c) Prostate cancer
d) Urethral carcinoma
Answer: a) Bladder carcinoma
Painless hematuria and weight loss are classic symptoms of bladder carcinoma,
especially in older males.
4. Which of the following is a risk factor for colorectal cancer?
a) High-fiber diet
b) Regular physical activity
c) Family history of colorectal cancer
d) Low-fat diet
Answer: c) Family history of colorectal cancer
A family history of colorectal cancer increases the risk, suggesting a genetic
predisposition.
5. What is the first-line treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC)?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Radiation therapy
c) Surgical resection
d) Immunotherapy
Answer: c) Surgical resection
,For early-stage NSCLC, surgical resection is the treatment of choice to achieve the
best outcomes.
6. Which biomarker is commonly elevated in prostate cancer?
a) CA-125
b) PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)
c) CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)
d) AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein)
Answer: b) PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)
PSA is a glycoprotein produced by the prostate gland; elevated levels can indicate
prostate cancer.
7. A 45-year-old woman presents with a palpable breast lump. Mammography
shows a well-circumscribed mass with microcalcifications. What is the most
likely diagnosis?
a) Fibroadenoma
b) Invasive ductal carcinoma
c) Ductal carcinoma in situ
d) Cyst
Answer: c) Ductal carcinoma in situ
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) presents as a well-circumscribed mass with
microcalcifications on mammography.
8. Which of the following is a common side effect of cisplatin?
a) Cardiotoxicity
b) Nephrotoxicity
, c) Pulmonary fibrosis
d) Peripheral neuropathy
Answer: b) Nephrotoxicity
Cisplatin is known for its nephrotoxic effects, which can lead to acute kidney
injury.
9. What is the standard treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Bone marrow transplant
c) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
d) Radiation therapy
Answer: c) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib, are the standard treatment for CML
due to their targeted action.
10. Which virus is associated with the development of cervical cancer?
a) Epstein-Barr virus
b) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
c) Hepatitis B virus
d) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Answer: b) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
HPV, particularly types 16 and 18, is a major risk factor for cervical cancer
development.
11. A patient with a history of chronic hepatitis B presents with jaundice and an
elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level. What is the most likely diagnosis?
