PC705 Advanced Pathophysiology
Module 2 Final Exam and All Correct
Answers 2025-2026.
Innate resistance - Answer First level of immune defense, including physical barriers (skin,
lining of GI and GU tracts, respiratory tract) and biochemical factors (saliva, tears, earwax,
sweat, antimicrobial peptides, normal bacterial flora)
Inflammatory response - Answer Second line of immune defense, initiated in response to
infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deficiencies, temperature extremes and
radiation
Cardinal signs of local inflammation - Answer Pain, heat, swelling, tissue damage
Systemic manifestations of inflammation - Answer Fever, leukocytosis, increased plasma
protein synthesis
Purposes of inflammation - Answer Neutralize and destroy harmful agents, limit the spread
of harmful agents, prepare to repair damaged tissues
Chronic inflammation - Answer Any inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer; can be from a
dirty wound or an affected area resistant to phagocytosis
Types of exudate in inflammation - Answer Serous (early stage), fibrinous (thicker, more
advanced stage of inflammation), purulent (such as an abscess), hemorrhagic (presence of RBCs
with inflammation)
Normal microbiome - Answer Spectrum of microorganisms that protects the body from
disease and is found in specific locations (gut, skin, vagina, etc)
Inflammation vs Infection - Answer Non-specific line of defense in innate immunity that
helps to heal, protect and repair damaged tissue vs opportunistic agents overcoming an
individual's defenses or a compromised immune system
Major Histocompatability Complexes (MHC) - Answer Glycoproteins found on the surface of
, Classes of MHCs and their roles - Answer Classes 1 and 2 code for proteins that present
antigens on surface cells; Class 3 codes for a variety of proteins important for inflammatory
reaction
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) - Answer A cell that can "present" antigen in a form that T
cells can recognize it. The cells that can "present" antigen include B cells and cells of the
monocyte lineage (including macrophages)
Cell Mediated Immunity - Answer Process of immunity where T cells from the thymus gland
protect the host and attack the antigen directly. Types of T cells include memory cells,
lymphokine producing cells, cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
Humoral Immunity - Answer A function of B lymphocyte cells, which are stimulated by
helper T cells, in order to produce plasma cells (antibodies) and memory cells
Types of Antibodies - Answer IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
Qualities of IgG - Answer Most abundant, most protective and smallest of antibodies; can
cross the placenta to the fetus; appears in primary immune response and surges in secondary
immune response to protect host from infection
Qualities of IgM - Answer Largest and first responder of antibodies; can appear 7-10 days
after exposure
Qualities of IgA - Answer Found in body secretions such as breast milk
Qualities of IgE - Answer Mediator of allergic response and acts in defense against parasitic
infections
Qualities of IgD - Answer Least abundant antibody; primary function is to act as antigen
receptor on the surface of early B cells
Active Immunity - Answer Produced by individual after natural exposure to an antigen or
after immunization
Module 2 Final Exam and All Correct
Answers 2025-2026.
Innate resistance - Answer First level of immune defense, including physical barriers (skin,
lining of GI and GU tracts, respiratory tract) and biochemical factors (saliva, tears, earwax,
sweat, antimicrobial peptides, normal bacterial flora)
Inflammatory response - Answer Second line of immune defense, initiated in response to
infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deficiencies, temperature extremes and
radiation
Cardinal signs of local inflammation - Answer Pain, heat, swelling, tissue damage
Systemic manifestations of inflammation - Answer Fever, leukocytosis, increased plasma
protein synthesis
Purposes of inflammation - Answer Neutralize and destroy harmful agents, limit the spread
of harmful agents, prepare to repair damaged tissues
Chronic inflammation - Answer Any inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer; can be from a
dirty wound or an affected area resistant to phagocytosis
Types of exudate in inflammation - Answer Serous (early stage), fibrinous (thicker, more
advanced stage of inflammation), purulent (such as an abscess), hemorrhagic (presence of RBCs
with inflammation)
Normal microbiome - Answer Spectrum of microorganisms that protects the body from
disease and is found in specific locations (gut, skin, vagina, etc)
Inflammation vs Infection - Answer Non-specific line of defense in innate immunity that
helps to heal, protect and repair damaged tissue vs opportunistic agents overcoming an
individual's defenses or a compromised immune system
Major Histocompatability Complexes (MHC) - Answer Glycoproteins found on the surface of
, Classes of MHCs and their roles - Answer Classes 1 and 2 code for proteins that present
antigens on surface cells; Class 3 codes for a variety of proteins important for inflammatory
reaction
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) - Answer A cell that can "present" antigen in a form that T
cells can recognize it. The cells that can "present" antigen include B cells and cells of the
monocyte lineage (including macrophages)
Cell Mediated Immunity - Answer Process of immunity where T cells from the thymus gland
protect the host and attack the antigen directly. Types of T cells include memory cells,
lymphokine producing cells, cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
Humoral Immunity - Answer A function of B lymphocyte cells, which are stimulated by
helper T cells, in order to produce plasma cells (antibodies) and memory cells
Types of Antibodies - Answer IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
Qualities of IgG - Answer Most abundant, most protective and smallest of antibodies; can
cross the placenta to the fetus; appears in primary immune response and surges in secondary
immune response to protect host from infection
Qualities of IgM - Answer Largest and first responder of antibodies; can appear 7-10 days
after exposure
Qualities of IgA - Answer Found in body secretions such as breast milk
Qualities of IgE - Answer Mediator of allergic response and acts in defense against parasitic
infections
Qualities of IgD - Answer Least abundant antibody; primary function is to act as antigen
receptor on the surface of early B cells
Active Immunity - Answer Produced by individual after natural exposure to an antigen or
after immunization
