Survey
● the geographical setting and natural features of Campania
- owed location in one of the most fertile areas of Italy, easy access by sea to the lines of
communication and trade that crossed the ancient Mediterranean to their wealth.
Reason why people populated the area so close to volcano
1. Vesuvius had rich volcanic soil ideal for agriculture
2. Behind Pompeii,countryside along the Sarnus River was easily farmed
3. The crater of the volcano was very fertile.
4. Elsewhere, the rocky terrain of Mountains made agriculture more difficult and required terracing.
5. Olives were successfully grown.
crops that were produced
- Variety of fruit was grown e.g., peaches, apricots, lemons, cherries, plums, pears and figs.
Cabbages and onions were also grown in the area as well as 3 or 4 cereal crops a year.
- Evidence: Wilhelmina Jashemski’s discovery of over 184 plant species
How did they use Pumice and Lava?
- Pumice was exported and lava was used in stone millstones for grinding grain and pressing
olives as well as for building and paving the roads.
What did the Bay of Naples provide
- many safe anchorages
● the eruption of AD 79 and its impact on Pompeii and Herculaneum
Eruption occurred: 24th August 79AD
effect of the 62AD earthquake and evidence
Effect: Widespread damage in many fled the towns
Evidence:
- -damaged buildings and their reconstruction
- -Seneca's accounts
Pyroclastic surges: Hot gas avalanches from deep within the volcano
Evidence of pyroclastic surges: Sigurdsons research, different layers of rock corresponding to
surges
Haruldar Sigurdson: icelandic geologist who compared eruption with Mt St Helens
Evidence of eruption date: Hoard of coins found in the House of the Golden Bracelet in 1974
Main witness Pliny the younger who’s controversial as he writes about uncles heroic deeds many years
later for political clout
6 surges hit P+H
1. Missed Pompeii
- Buried Herculaneum killing all inhabitants
- Temp was 400 degrees
, - Carbonised everything organic
2. - Missed Pompeii
- Further buried Herculaneum
3. Ditto, may have reached city gate
4. - Lethal to Pompeii
- Covered the city in super hot gas
- Killed nearly all inhabitants
5. Further buried city as well as 6
Evidence: Sarah bisels discovery of 139 skeletons in Herculaneum boatshed 1982
Main cause of death
- Asphyxiation
- Crushed
- Thermal shock
● early discoveries and the changing nature of excavations in the 19th and 20th centuries
Excavations first started in 1709
Archaeology prior to 1860
destructive and haphazard excavation methods, focused on finding precious objects and beautiful
paintings for a jealously guarded royal collection in the Naples Museum.
1. Guiseppe Fiorelli
- Initiated Plaster cast system
- Directed Pompeii excavations
- Initiated system of top-down excavation which preserved finds effectively, enabling
restoration of the buildings and interiors
- Instituted system of insulae, region, domus
2. August Mau
- created the four-style system for categorising frescoes
3. Spinazzola
- discovered many commercial enterprises such as the Fullery of Stephanus, inns and
shops
4. Maiuri
- pioneered excavation below destruction level
- Destroyed the destruction level to investigate life before eruption
5. Franciscis
- Discovered The House of C Julius Polybius, the town house of M. Fabius Rufus and the
Villa at Oplontis
6. Giovanni Guzzo
- Excavated outside Porta stabia and in Murecine where the hospitium dei sulpici has been
uncovered
Focus of study
,– the economy: role of the forum, trade, commerce, industries, occupations
economy
- Localised economies based on surrounding regions, both towns were small
- Primary industries agriculture and fishing
- Roman god of commerce= mercury statues all around forum
Forum
- chief meeting and trading place in the town.
- Pedestrian area evidence: Large rectangular blocks, barred access to wheeled traffic, area closed
off by grilled gates during certain events.
Social
- focal point for patron and client to be seen,
- important and ambitious politicians to make speeches
- festivals and processions to be seen by all its citizens.
- Patrons showed wealth through splurging on buildings
Religion
- the Temple of Jupiter, or the Capitolium , dominated the Pompeian Forum. It housed the triad of
Gods
- Temples include: Temple of Jupiter, Temple of Apollo, Temple of Vespasian, Altar of Emperor
Vespasian, Temple of Lares
Civil
- Basilica
- Comitium
- Municipal offices (3)
Macellum
- Covered market
- Taberna with local stalls
- Large pool of water for fish
For rest do quizlet
– the social structure: men, women, freedmen, slaves
men
Senatorial elite
- senators and powerful politicians in Ancient Rome
- Not directly involved in politics
- Came to visit pompeii during holidays
- Influence came from wealth and status
Evidence
- Villa of papyri: Caesars father in law
- Villa of Oplontis: Poppaea Sabinas
, - Cicero's village in Pompeii
- Over 10 statues of Marcus Nonius Balbus in both P + H
Local elite
- Wealthy landowners and merchants
- Closely involved in politics, large villa on outskirts
- Involved in politics, had to be freeborn
Evidence
- Opulent villas, the house of Octavius Quartio show wealth
- Pompeii amphitheatre and where they sat: Tomb of Caius Quietus, double seats showing he sat
at front
- Epitaphs in tombs
- Graffiti that support local elit
Women
- No political position
- Could influence through family members
- Any power came from wealth
- priestesses
evidence
- Electoral notices written by women
- Julia Felix- The house of Julia Felix
- Poppaea Sabina and her house
- Priestess Eumachia- built a building at her own expense in the name of her and her son- statue
erected in her honour which is evidence of her social standing
- The priestess Mamia: The schola tomb of Mamia
Freedmen
- Former slaves freed from slavery by the process of manumission
- Important part of economy, did unpopular work such as working in Fulleries
- Couldn’t vote but kids could
Evidence
- Fullery of Stephanus
- Scaurus: successful garum manufacture
- Inscriptions on temple of isis
Slaves
- 40% of population
- Economic backbone of cities
Evidence
- Small statue in the House of Gavius Rufus depicts two slaves carrying a sedan through the street.
- Fetters/ shackles suggest that slaves were chained
- Frescoes in the Fullery of Stephanus depict slaves working suggesting freedmen owned slaves
– local political life: decuriones, magistrates, comitium
Do quizlet
● the geographical setting and natural features of Campania
- owed location in one of the most fertile areas of Italy, easy access by sea to the lines of
communication and trade that crossed the ancient Mediterranean to their wealth.
Reason why people populated the area so close to volcano
1. Vesuvius had rich volcanic soil ideal for agriculture
2. Behind Pompeii,countryside along the Sarnus River was easily farmed
3. The crater of the volcano was very fertile.
4. Elsewhere, the rocky terrain of Mountains made agriculture more difficult and required terracing.
5. Olives were successfully grown.
crops that were produced
- Variety of fruit was grown e.g., peaches, apricots, lemons, cherries, plums, pears and figs.
Cabbages and onions were also grown in the area as well as 3 or 4 cereal crops a year.
- Evidence: Wilhelmina Jashemski’s discovery of over 184 plant species
How did they use Pumice and Lava?
- Pumice was exported and lava was used in stone millstones for grinding grain and pressing
olives as well as for building and paving the roads.
What did the Bay of Naples provide
- many safe anchorages
● the eruption of AD 79 and its impact on Pompeii and Herculaneum
Eruption occurred: 24th August 79AD
effect of the 62AD earthquake and evidence
Effect: Widespread damage in many fled the towns
Evidence:
- -damaged buildings and their reconstruction
- -Seneca's accounts
Pyroclastic surges: Hot gas avalanches from deep within the volcano
Evidence of pyroclastic surges: Sigurdsons research, different layers of rock corresponding to
surges
Haruldar Sigurdson: icelandic geologist who compared eruption with Mt St Helens
Evidence of eruption date: Hoard of coins found in the House of the Golden Bracelet in 1974
Main witness Pliny the younger who’s controversial as he writes about uncles heroic deeds many years
later for political clout
6 surges hit P+H
1. Missed Pompeii
- Buried Herculaneum killing all inhabitants
- Temp was 400 degrees
, - Carbonised everything organic
2. - Missed Pompeii
- Further buried Herculaneum
3. Ditto, may have reached city gate
4. - Lethal to Pompeii
- Covered the city in super hot gas
- Killed nearly all inhabitants
5. Further buried city as well as 6
Evidence: Sarah bisels discovery of 139 skeletons in Herculaneum boatshed 1982
Main cause of death
- Asphyxiation
- Crushed
- Thermal shock
● early discoveries and the changing nature of excavations in the 19th and 20th centuries
Excavations first started in 1709
Archaeology prior to 1860
destructive and haphazard excavation methods, focused on finding precious objects and beautiful
paintings for a jealously guarded royal collection in the Naples Museum.
1. Guiseppe Fiorelli
- Initiated Plaster cast system
- Directed Pompeii excavations
- Initiated system of top-down excavation which preserved finds effectively, enabling
restoration of the buildings and interiors
- Instituted system of insulae, region, domus
2. August Mau
- created the four-style system for categorising frescoes
3. Spinazzola
- discovered many commercial enterprises such as the Fullery of Stephanus, inns and
shops
4. Maiuri
- pioneered excavation below destruction level
- Destroyed the destruction level to investigate life before eruption
5. Franciscis
- Discovered The House of C Julius Polybius, the town house of M. Fabius Rufus and the
Villa at Oplontis
6. Giovanni Guzzo
- Excavated outside Porta stabia and in Murecine where the hospitium dei sulpici has been
uncovered
Focus of study
,– the economy: role of the forum, trade, commerce, industries, occupations
economy
- Localised economies based on surrounding regions, both towns were small
- Primary industries agriculture and fishing
- Roman god of commerce= mercury statues all around forum
Forum
- chief meeting and trading place in the town.
- Pedestrian area evidence: Large rectangular blocks, barred access to wheeled traffic, area closed
off by grilled gates during certain events.
Social
- focal point for patron and client to be seen,
- important and ambitious politicians to make speeches
- festivals and processions to be seen by all its citizens.
- Patrons showed wealth through splurging on buildings
Religion
- the Temple of Jupiter, or the Capitolium , dominated the Pompeian Forum. It housed the triad of
Gods
- Temples include: Temple of Jupiter, Temple of Apollo, Temple of Vespasian, Altar of Emperor
Vespasian, Temple of Lares
Civil
- Basilica
- Comitium
- Municipal offices (3)
Macellum
- Covered market
- Taberna with local stalls
- Large pool of water for fish
For rest do quizlet
– the social structure: men, women, freedmen, slaves
men
Senatorial elite
- senators and powerful politicians in Ancient Rome
- Not directly involved in politics
- Came to visit pompeii during holidays
- Influence came from wealth and status
Evidence
- Villa of papyri: Caesars father in law
- Villa of Oplontis: Poppaea Sabinas
, - Cicero's village in Pompeii
- Over 10 statues of Marcus Nonius Balbus in both P + H
Local elite
- Wealthy landowners and merchants
- Closely involved in politics, large villa on outskirts
- Involved in politics, had to be freeborn
Evidence
- Opulent villas, the house of Octavius Quartio show wealth
- Pompeii amphitheatre and where they sat: Tomb of Caius Quietus, double seats showing he sat
at front
- Epitaphs in tombs
- Graffiti that support local elit
Women
- No political position
- Could influence through family members
- Any power came from wealth
- priestesses
evidence
- Electoral notices written by women
- Julia Felix- The house of Julia Felix
- Poppaea Sabina and her house
- Priestess Eumachia- built a building at her own expense in the name of her and her son- statue
erected in her honour which is evidence of her social standing
- The priestess Mamia: The schola tomb of Mamia
Freedmen
- Former slaves freed from slavery by the process of manumission
- Important part of economy, did unpopular work such as working in Fulleries
- Couldn’t vote but kids could
Evidence
- Fullery of Stephanus
- Scaurus: successful garum manufacture
- Inscriptions on temple of isis
Slaves
- 40% of population
- Economic backbone of cities
Evidence
- Small statue in the House of Gavius Rufus depicts two slaves carrying a sedan through the street.
- Fetters/ shackles suggest that slaves were chained
- Frescoes in the Fullery of Stephanus depict slaves working suggesting freedmen owned slaves
– local political life: decuriones, magistrates, comitium
Do quizlet
