Chapter 12: The Eukaryotes (Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths)
Compare and contrast fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths
to bacteria (select features). And, describe the fungal
disease and characteristics of some pathogenic fungi * good
essay
Fungi:
aerobic or factitive anaerobic
chemoheterotrophs
eukaryotic
sterols present
no peptidoglycan
sexual and asexual reproductive spores
Bacteria:
Prokaryotic
Sterols absent (except in mycoplasma)
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Endospores (not for reproduction); some asexual reproductive spores
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Facultatively anaerobic, anaerobic
Sterols absent (except in mycoplasma)
List and describe the medically important protozoa and
roles of algae in nature ** good essay
Apicomplexa
- Nonmotile
- Obligate intracellular parasites
- Complex life cycles
- Toxoplasma gondii: transmitted by cats; causes fetal infections
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, - Cryptosporidium - transmitted via feces; causes waterborne illness
Plasmodium: causes malaria
- Sexually reproduces in the Anopheles mosquito
- A mosquito injects a sporozoite into its bite, and the sporozoite
undergoes
- schizogony in the liver; merozoites are produced
- Merozoites infect red blood cells, forming a ring stage inside the cell
- Red blood cells rupture, and merozoites infect new red blood cells
Ciliates
-Move by cilia arranged in precise rows
- Balantidium coli is the only human parasite; causes dysentery
Algae in nature:
- Fix CO2 into organic molecules
- Produce 80% of earth's O2
- Algal blooms are increases in planktonic algae that can result in toxin
release or die and consume oxygen
- Oil production
- Symbionts of animals
Chapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Essays from this chapter will include:
Differentiate and describe the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA viruses
(provide and example virus for each). In your discussion, describe
the viral multiplication process from entry to exit into a host cell.
Describe the process of viral multiplication
o Lytic cycle of T-even phages
o Lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage lambda
Viral multiplication
For a virus to multiply
o It must invade a host cell
o It must take over the host’s metabolic machinery
One step growth curve
o Very strong peak, biosynthesis + maturation -> acute infection
o Most infected cells die once there is a spike in number of viral
particles
o If cell/host dies virus cannot multiply
Very quick viral multiplication once invaded host cell
Injects DNA/RNA takes over cell
This study source was downloaded by 527974 from cliffsnotes.com on 02-17-2025 15:09:56 GMT -06:00
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/21617587
Compare and contrast fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths
to bacteria (select features). And, describe the fungal
disease and characteristics of some pathogenic fungi * good
essay
Fungi:
aerobic or factitive anaerobic
chemoheterotrophs
eukaryotic
sterols present
no peptidoglycan
sexual and asexual reproductive spores
Bacteria:
Prokaryotic
Sterols absent (except in mycoplasma)
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Endospores (not for reproduction); some asexual reproductive spores
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Facultatively anaerobic, anaerobic
Sterols absent (except in mycoplasma)
List and describe the medically important protozoa and
roles of algae in nature ** good essay
Apicomplexa
- Nonmotile
- Obligate intracellular parasites
- Complex life cycles
- Toxoplasma gondii: transmitted by cats; causes fetal infections
This study source was downloaded by 527974 from cliffsnotes.com on 02-17-2025 15:09:56 GMT -06:00
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/21617587
, - Cryptosporidium - transmitted via feces; causes waterborne illness
Plasmodium: causes malaria
- Sexually reproduces in the Anopheles mosquito
- A mosquito injects a sporozoite into its bite, and the sporozoite
undergoes
- schizogony in the liver; merozoites are produced
- Merozoites infect red blood cells, forming a ring stage inside the cell
- Red blood cells rupture, and merozoites infect new red blood cells
Ciliates
-Move by cilia arranged in precise rows
- Balantidium coli is the only human parasite; causes dysentery
Algae in nature:
- Fix CO2 into organic molecules
- Produce 80% of earth's O2
- Algal blooms are increases in planktonic algae that can result in toxin
release or die and consume oxygen
- Oil production
- Symbionts of animals
Chapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Essays from this chapter will include:
Differentiate and describe the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA viruses
(provide and example virus for each). In your discussion, describe
the viral multiplication process from entry to exit into a host cell.
Describe the process of viral multiplication
o Lytic cycle of T-even phages
o Lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage lambda
Viral multiplication
For a virus to multiply
o It must invade a host cell
o It must take over the host’s metabolic machinery
One step growth curve
o Very strong peak, biosynthesis + maturation -> acute infection
o Most infected cells die once there is a spike in number of viral
particles
o If cell/host dies virus cannot multiply
Very quick viral multiplication once invaded host cell
Injects DNA/RNA takes over cell
This study source was downloaded by 527974 from cliffsnotes.com on 02-17-2025 15:09:56 GMT -06:00
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/21617587
