UTMB ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
5355 Exam 3 with correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Biogenic Amine Theory linked to depression - correct answer✔✔Deficiency of
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
neurotransmitters in brain of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Particularly, a decrease in receptor binding with serotonin. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Neurotransmitter Receptor Hypothesis linked to depression - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔A deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters at neuronal synapses. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Antidepressants increase - correct answer✔✔Neuronal synaptic levels of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
monoamine neurotransmitters. ||\\||\\
if you have more receptors than neurotransmitters - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔Neurotransmitters do not have time to re-charge thus, they do not ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
function properly. ||\\||\\
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System Dysregulation - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔HPA system dysregulation with excessive glucocorticoid secretion is ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
found in a large percentage of people suffering from major depression.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Patho of Alzheimer's includes - plaque formation, presence of --, with decreased
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
levels of - - correct answer✔✔Amyloid B, neurofibrillary tangles, acetylcholine
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
these disrupt impulse transmission
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
neurofibrillary tangles - correct answer✔✔are a deformation of the structure ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
that carries nutrients to neurons of the brain.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,Decreased levels of choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine is associated ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with - correct answer✔✔Memory loss
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Most common cause of dementia - correct answer✔✔Alzheimer's disease fatal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
5-10 years ||\\||\\
Characteristics of Alzheimer's - correct answer✔✔Loss of memory, language , ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inability to learn new things, dysfunction, delusions, cannot perform ADLs,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
majorly effects social life ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Parkinson's Disease is - correct answer✔✔Chronic motor progressive neuro- ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
degenerative known as a shaking palsy ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Parkinson's disease is associated with - correct answer✔✔basal ganglia ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
dysfunction and atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
dopamine;
Characteristics of Parkinson's disease - correct answer✔✔Tremors at rest, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
rigidity, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity and postural abnormalities.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
2 Main Categories of CVA - correct answer✔✔Hemorrhagic and Ischemic
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hemorrhagic CVA - correct answer✔✔Blood produces inflammatory reaction, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
swelling, displaces brain tissue and increases ICP ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
2 types of hemorrhagic stroke - correct answer✔✔Intracerebral and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
subarachnoid
, Intracerebral Hemorrhage - correct answer✔✔Blood vessel leaks directly into ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
brain tissue ||\\||\\
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - correct answer✔✔Bleeding into the subarachnoid ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
space, caused by trauma, aneurysm rupture presents as "worst headache of
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
life". surgical emergency
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Ischemic CVA - correct answer✔✔reduction in cerebral blood flow results in ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypoxia and irreversible cell death with associated cerebral edema
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
3 types of ischemic CVA - correct answer✔✔thrombotic, embolic,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypercoagulable states. ||\\||\\
Thrombotic - correct answer✔✔caused by atherosclerosis blocking vessels. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
obstruction of blood vessel due to localized occlusive process ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Embolic - correct answer✔✔caused by blood clot, fat or air embolus traveling
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
from distant site to brain
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hypercoaguable state - correct answer✔✔conditions such as sickle cell disease, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
polycythemia causing blood clot to form and obstruct vessel ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Multiple sclerosis - correct answer✔✔chronic, inflammatory autoimmune ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
demyelinating disease of the CNS. : patho includes CNS demyelination thought ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
to be caused by an immune reaction
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Acetylcholine - correct answer✔✔excitatory or inhibitory, enables muscle ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
action, learning, memory- involved in memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
5355 Exam 3 with correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Biogenic Amine Theory linked to depression - correct answer✔✔Deficiency of
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
neurotransmitters in brain of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Particularly, a decrease in receptor binding with serotonin. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Neurotransmitter Receptor Hypothesis linked to depression - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔A deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters at neuronal synapses. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Antidepressants increase - correct answer✔✔Neuronal synaptic levels of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
monoamine neurotransmitters. ||\\||\\
if you have more receptors than neurotransmitters - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔Neurotransmitters do not have time to re-charge thus, they do not ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
function properly. ||\\||\\
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System Dysregulation - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔HPA system dysregulation with excessive glucocorticoid secretion is ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
found in a large percentage of people suffering from major depression.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Patho of Alzheimer's includes - plaque formation, presence of --, with decreased
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
levels of - - correct answer✔✔Amyloid B, neurofibrillary tangles, acetylcholine
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
these disrupt impulse transmission
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
neurofibrillary tangles - correct answer✔✔are a deformation of the structure ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
that carries nutrients to neurons of the brain.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,Decreased levels of choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine is associated ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with - correct answer✔✔Memory loss
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Most common cause of dementia - correct answer✔✔Alzheimer's disease fatal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
5-10 years ||\\||\\
Characteristics of Alzheimer's - correct answer✔✔Loss of memory, language , ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inability to learn new things, dysfunction, delusions, cannot perform ADLs,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
majorly effects social life ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Parkinson's Disease is - correct answer✔✔Chronic motor progressive neuro- ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
degenerative known as a shaking palsy ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Parkinson's disease is associated with - correct answer✔✔basal ganglia ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
dysfunction and atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
dopamine;
Characteristics of Parkinson's disease - correct answer✔✔Tremors at rest, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
rigidity, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity and postural abnormalities.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
2 Main Categories of CVA - correct answer✔✔Hemorrhagic and Ischemic
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hemorrhagic CVA - correct answer✔✔Blood produces inflammatory reaction, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
swelling, displaces brain tissue and increases ICP ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
2 types of hemorrhagic stroke - correct answer✔✔Intracerebral and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
subarachnoid
, Intracerebral Hemorrhage - correct answer✔✔Blood vessel leaks directly into ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
brain tissue ||\\||\\
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - correct answer✔✔Bleeding into the subarachnoid ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
space, caused by trauma, aneurysm rupture presents as "worst headache of
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
life". surgical emergency
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Ischemic CVA - correct answer✔✔reduction in cerebral blood flow results in ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypoxia and irreversible cell death with associated cerebral edema
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
3 types of ischemic CVA - correct answer✔✔thrombotic, embolic,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypercoagulable states. ||\\||\\
Thrombotic - correct answer✔✔caused by atherosclerosis blocking vessels. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
obstruction of blood vessel due to localized occlusive process ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Embolic - correct answer✔✔caused by blood clot, fat or air embolus traveling
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
from distant site to brain
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hypercoaguable state - correct answer✔✔conditions such as sickle cell disease, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
polycythemia causing blood clot to form and obstruct vessel ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Multiple sclerosis - correct answer✔✔chronic, inflammatory autoimmune ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
demyelinating disease of the CNS. : patho includes CNS demyelination thought ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
to be caused by an immune reaction
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Acetylcholine - correct answer✔✔excitatory or inhibitory, enables muscle ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
action, learning, memory- involved in memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
