NURS 6111 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
Na normal lab value - Answers 135-145
K normal lab value - Answers 3.5-5.0
Mg normal lab value - Answers 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Calcium normal lab value - Answers 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Abnormal signs and symptoms of K - Answers excessive thirst, increased urination, muscle
cramps, fatigue/weakness, irregular heartbeat, constipation, abdominal cramping
Abnormal signs and symptoms of Mg - Answers muscle cramps, fatigue/weakness, abnormal
heart rhythm, numbness/tingling, mental symptoms, insomnia
Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by - Answers converting a strong acid or base
to a weak one
Types of hypersensitivity reactions - Answers Type 1: Immunoglobulin IgE mediated
reactions(allergic reaction), rapid time frame, ex peanut allergy
Type 2: tissue specific, activates complement cascade/phagocytosis, body attacks healthy RBC
thinking they are foreign, ex graves, hep induced thrombocytopenia
Type 3: immune complexes formed in circulation and deposited into cell wall and cause tissue
damage , ex is rayanuds
Type 4: delayed sensitivity, only type that is mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve
antibodies, ex contact sensitivity to poison ivy, latex, mycobacterial infection
Prematurity - Answers baby born before 37 weeks gestation, causes: maternal age, multiple
pregnancies, uterine or cervical abnormalities, infections/chronic conditions. Clinical findings of
premature babies: low birth weight, jaundice, feeding difficulties
RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) - Answers babies born before 28 weeks, caused by lack of
surfactant, characterized by shallow rapid breathing(grunting), males are more prone
NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis) - Answers babies born before 32 weeks, caused by damage and
inflammation to intestinal tissues, characterized by bloody stools and distended abdomen. Risk
factors: low birth weight, formula feedings
SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome) - Answers common between 1-4 months of age, most
frequent death for child 2 weeks-1 year, can occur from sleeping on soft surface, occurs in boys
more often than girls
Prader-Willi Syndrome - Answers Caused by a lack of genetic material in the 15 pair of
, chromosomes. Usually inherited from the father. The leading genetic cause of obesity. The
degree of mental retardation varies, but is usually in the mild range. Students with Prader-Willi
syndrome can be rigid and oppositional. They do not respond well to sudden changes in their
routine. It can also result in low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development,
cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and a chronic feeling of hunger that can lead to
excessive eating and life-threatening obesity.
DiGeorge Syndrome - Answers caused by missing piece of chromosome 22, affects the heart,
immune system, parathyroid glands, can be inherited from parents, DGS triad: conotruncal
cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia. can cause cleft lip, hearing loss,
learning difficulties
Function of IgA antibody - Answers inhibit the passage of alien substances that attempt to enter
the circulatory system. mucosal immunity
function of IgE antibody - Answers protect against parasitic invasions and supervise allergic
reactions
Function of IgG antibody - Answers -Long-term immunity
-protection of newborns during the first 6 months of life
Function of IgM antibody - Answers Activated complement system (classical pathway)
Agglutinate microorganism
Why can select IgA deficiency lead to a blood transfusion reaction? - Answers can lead to the
patient developing antibodies that fight against the IgA causing a transfusion reaction
plasma proteins - Answers albumin, fibrinogen, globulins. Proteins function to control oncotic
pressure, transport substances (hemoglobin, lipids, calcium), and promote inflammation and
the complement cascade.
action potential stages - Answers 1) resting potential = Na+ ions outside while K+ ions inside
2) depolarization = Na+ channels open & Na+ comes in; cell becomes more positive (meets
threshold of -55 mV to fire)
3) repolarization = K+ channels open & K+ goes out; cell becomes more negative
4) undershoot = cell goes below resting potential; K+ channels are slow to close
Na normal lab value - Answers 135-145
K normal lab value - Answers 3.5-5.0
Mg normal lab value - Answers 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Calcium normal lab value - Answers 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Abnormal signs and symptoms of K - Answers excessive thirst, increased urination, muscle
cramps, fatigue/weakness, irregular heartbeat, constipation, abdominal cramping
Abnormal signs and symptoms of Mg - Answers muscle cramps, fatigue/weakness, abnormal
heart rhythm, numbness/tingling, mental symptoms, insomnia
Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by - Answers converting a strong acid or base
to a weak one
Types of hypersensitivity reactions - Answers Type 1: Immunoglobulin IgE mediated
reactions(allergic reaction), rapid time frame, ex peanut allergy
Type 2: tissue specific, activates complement cascade/phagocytosis, body attacks healthy RBC
thinking they are foreign, ex graves, hep induced thrombocytopenia
Type 3: immune complexes formed in circulation and deposited into cell wall and cause tissue
damage , ex is rayanuds
Type 4: delayed sensitivity, only type that is mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve
antibodies, ex contact sensitivity to poison ivy, latex, mycobacterial infection
Prematurity - Answers baby born before 37 weeks gestation, causes: maternal age, multiple
pregnancies, uterine or cervical abnormalities, infections/chronic conditions. Clinical findings of
premature babies: low birth weight, jaundice, feeding difficulties
RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) - Answers babies born before 28 weeks, caused by lack of
surfactant, characterized by shallow rapid breathing(grunting), males are more prone
NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis) - Answers babies born before 32 weeks, caused by damage and
inflammation to intestinal tissues, characterized by bloody stools and distended abdomen. Risk
factors: low birth weight, formula feedings
SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome) - Answers common between 1-4 months of age, most
frequent death for child 2 weeks-1 year, can occur from sleeping on soft surface, occurs in boys
more often than girls
Prader-Willi Syndrome - Answers Caused by a lack of genetic material in the 15 pair of
, chromosomes. Usually inherited from the father. The leading genetic cause of obesity. The
degree of mental retardation varies, but is usually in the mild range. Students with Prader-Willi
syndrome can be rigid and oppositional. They do not respond well to sudden changes in their
routine. It can also result in low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development,
cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and a chronic feeling of hunger that can lead to
excessive eating and life-threatening obesity.
DiGeorge Syndrome - Answers caused by missing piece of chromosome 22, affects the heart,
immune system, parathyroid glands, can be inherited from parents, DGS triad: conotruncal
cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia. can cause cleft lip, hearing loss,
learning difficulties
Function of IgA antibody - Answers inhibit the passage of alien substances that attempt to enter
the circulatory system. mucosal immunity
function of IgE antibody - Answers protect against parasitic invasions and supervise allergic
reactions
Function of IgG antibody - Answers -Long-term immunity
-protection of newborns during the first 6 months of life
Function of IgM antibody - Answers Activated complement system (classical pathway)
Agglutinate microorganism
Why can select IgA deficiency lead to a blood transfusion reaction? - Answers can lead to the
patient developing antibodies that fight against the IgA causing a transfusion reaction
plasma proteins - Answers albumin, fibrinogen, globulins. Proteins function to control oncotic
pressure, transport substances (hemoglobin, lipids, calcium), and promote inflammation and
the complement cascade.
action potential stages - Answers 1) resting potential = Na+ ions outside while K+ ions inside
2) depolarization = Na+ channels open & Na+ comes in; cell becomes more positive (meets
threshold of -55 mV to fire)
3) repolarization = K+ channels open & K+ goes out; cell becomes more negative
4) undershoot = cell goes below resting potential; K+ channels are slow to close
