COGSCI 200 midterm || 100% Valid Solutions.
associationist account of language learning correct answers associations between verbal
behaviors and rewards through operant conditioning
four problems with associationist account correct answers stimulus independence,
productivity, systematicity, novelty
combinatoric correct answers phrase structure rules are defined and can be recombined in
open-ended ways
cognitive/Chomskian account of language correct answers use abstract combinatoric rules
that are largely innate (universal grammar)
Chomsky's two critical observations of language correct answers language has a unique
pattern of universality, rules of language are combinatoric and made using highly abstract
categories
poverty of the stimulus argument correct answers language must be innate because children
are given little explicit language knowledge, but have a complex output
universal grammar hypothesis correct answers all languages have an innate grammar
template that allows for locally specified variation
Nicaraguan sign language correct answers youngest signers were most likely to use
combinatoric patterns
functional level of language correct answers mapping sounds to meanings
algorithmic level of language correct answers phrase structure trees
physical level of language correct answers primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, Broca's
area, primary motor cortex (M1)
Wernicke's area correct answers temporal lobe, semantic region
primary auditory cortex correct answers temporal lobe
Broca's area correct answers frontal lobe, syntactic region
motor cortex correct answers frontal lobe
Broca's aphasia correct answers lesions produce speech that is ungrammatical and lacks
fluency
Wernicke's aphasia correct answers lesions produce difficulties understanding speech,
complex and fluent speech that's incoherent
stimulus independence correct answers people say things outside the context that it was
originally learned in
, novelty correct answers a person can understand a sentence they've never heard before
productivity correct answers there's no upper bound to the number of possible sentences a
language can express
systematicity correct answers a person reliably knows groups of phrases in a language (eg,
we know both mom loves daughter and daughter loves mom)
arguments for the innateness of language correct answers language is universal, rules of
language are formed using abstract combinatoric rules
inner picture theory of perception correct answers doesn't work because there's no one to
view the "inner picture" we would reconstruct
inverse optics correct answers given a pattern on the retina, we need to figure out what's in
the outside world
there's one overhead light source correct answers hidden assumption shown by the shaded
dots
inferring color from shadowing correct answers hidden assumption shown by checkerboard
example, things in a shadow are really darker than what the retina can detect
straight line assumption correct answers things tend to move in a straight line, hidden
assumption behind seeing dots move in a straight line
rigidity assumption correct answers all points on a moving object are assumed to move in
synchrony
occlusion assumption correct answers pacman example, a moving object will persistently
cover and uncover portions of the background
Baye's rule correct answers probability of the hypothesis given some data = (probability of
the data given the hypothesis * probability of the hypothesis)/ probability of the data
perception as Bayesian inference correct answers probability of the scene given retinal
pattern= (probability of the pattern given the scene * hidden assumptions~probability of the
scene)/probability of retinal patterns
p(scene) correct answers hidden assumptions in Bayesian perception (one overhead light
source, shadowing, straight line, rigidity, occlusion)
Bayesian perception, universal grammar jukebox correct answers 2 models of how innate
structures combine with environmental input
retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex, other cortical regions correct answers neural
pathways of vision
associationist account of language learning correct answers associations between verbal
behaviors and rewards through operant conditioning
four problems with associationist account correct answers stimulus independence,
productivity, systematicity, novelty
combinatoric correct answers phrase structure rules are defined and can be recombined in
open-ended ways
cognitive/Chomskian account of language correct answers use abstract combinatoric rules
that are largely innate (universal grammar)
Chomsky's two critical observations of language correct answers language has a unique
pattern of universality, rules of language are combinatoric and made using highly abstract
categories
poverty of the stimulus argument correct answers language must be innate because children
are given little explicit language knowledge, but have a complex output
universal grammar hypothesis correct answers all languages have an innate grammar
template that allows for locally specified variation
Nicaraguan sign language correct answers youngest signers were most likely to use
combinatoric patterns
functional level of language correct answers mapping sounds to meanings
algorithmic level of language correct answers phrase structure trees
physical level of language correct answers primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, Broca's
area, primary motor cortex (M1)
Wernicke's area correct answers temporal lobe, semantic region
primary auditory cortex correct answers temporal lobe
Broca's area correct answers frontal lobe, syntactic region
motor cortex correct answers frontal lobe
Broca's aphasia correct answers lesions produce speech that is ungrammatical and lacks
fluency
Wernicke's aphasia correct answers lesions produce difficulties understanding speech,
complex and fluent speech that's incoherent
stimulus independence correct answers people say things outside the context that it was
originally learned in
, novelty correct answers a person can understand a sentence they've never heard before
productivity correct answers there's no upper bound to the number of possible sentences a
language can express
systematicity correct answers a person reliably knows groups of phrases in a language (eg,
we know both mom loves daughter and daughter loves mom)
arguments for the innateness of language correct answers language is universal, rules of
language are formed using abstract combinatoric rules
inner picture theory of perception correct answers doesn't work because there's no one to
view the "inner picture" we would reconstruct
inverse optics correct answers given a pattern on the retina, we need to figure out what's in
the outside world
there's one overhead light source correct answers hidden assumption shown by the shaded
dots
inferring color from shadowing correct answers hidden assumption shown by checkerboard
example, things in a shadow are really darker than what the retina can detect
straight line assumption correct answers things tend to move in a straight line, hidden
assumption behind seeing dots move in a straight line
rigidity assumption correct answers all points on a moving object are assumed to move in
synchrony
occlusion assumption correct answers pacman example, a moving object will persistently
cover and uncover portions of the background
Baye's rule correct answers probability of the hypothesis given some data = (probability of
the data given the hypothesis * probability of the hypothesis)/ probability of the data
perception as Bayesian inference correct answers probability of the scene given retinal
pattern= (probability of the pattern given the scene * hidden assumptions~probability of the
scene)/probability of retinal patterns
p(scene) correct answers hidden assumptions in Bayesian perception (one overhead light
source, shadowing, straight line, rigidity, occlusion)
Bayesian perception, universal grammar jukebox correct answers 2 models of how innate
structures combine with environmental input
retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex, other cortical regions correct answers neural
pathways of vision
