MULTIPLEbCHOICE!
Eachbofbthebfollowingbhistoricalbeventsboffersbsupportbforbthosebhistoriansbwhobarguebthatbthebeve
ntsbofb1979bplayedbabgreaterbrolebinbalteringbthebhistorybofbglobalbpoliticsbthanbthosebofb1968,bexce
pt:b
-bThebrisebofb"identitybpolitics."
-bThebelectionbofbMargaretbThatcherbinbBritain.b
-bThebIranianbRevolution.b
-bThebSoviet-AfghanbWar.
-bThebvisitbofbthebleaderbofbthebChinesebcommunistbparty,bDengbXiaoping,btobthebUnitedbStates.b-
bThebRisebofb"IdentitybPolitics"bbecausebIdentitybPoliticsbwasbcreatedbinb1968bnotb1979
Whobwerebtheb"RedbGuards"?bWhatbwasbtheirbmovementbtryingbtobaccomplish?b-
bThebRedbGuardsbwerebChinesebyouthsbwhobwerebgivenbpowerbbybchairmanbMaobtob"cleanse"btheb
countrybofbthosebwhobopposedbcommunism
HistoriansbhavebarguedbthatbthebIranianbRevolutionbofb1979bwasbabmomentbofbworldbhistoricalbim
portancebsecondbonlyb(ifbnotbequalbto)bthebRussianbrevolutionbofb1917.bWhobdobtheybbelievebthisbt
obbebthebcase?b-b...
Thoughbthebcategorybofb"Postcolonial"bnationbinbtheb1060'sbincludedbcountiesbasbdifferentbasbindi
a,bEgypt,bandbvietnam,bhistoriansbneverthelessbarguebthatbthebtermbisbabusefulbdescriptivebforbeac
hbofbthebfollowingbreasonsbexcept..b-
bSincebEuropeanbrulersbhadbfocusedbonb"thebrulebofbdifference"bandbkeptbdifferentbgroupsbdividedb
,andbfightingbamongbthemselvesbsobthatbtheybcouldbkeepbcontrol,bthesebeffectsblastedblongbafterbth
ebEuropeansbleft,bresultingbinbmuchbdiscontentbbetweenbreligiousbandbethnicbgroups
ThebdecolonizationbofbEuropeanbempiresbinbAsianbandbAfricabduringbtheb1950'sbandb1960'sbresulte
dbinballbofbthebfollowingbconditionsbexcept...b-
bBecausebracialbandbreligiousbtensionsbwerebstillbprevalentbinbAsianbandbAfricabafterbDecolonizatio
n
HowbdidbthebproblemsbfacedbbybadvocatesbofbPan-ArabismbandbPan-
Africanismbcomparebtobthebproblemsbfacedbbybadvocatesbofbethnicbunificationbinbtheb19thbandbear
lyb20thbCenturiesb-bThebproblemsbtheybfacedbwerebsimilar.bPan-AfricanismbandbPan-
Arabismbwerebmovementsbforbethnicbunification,bbutbtheybfacedbthebsamebproblemsbasbsimilarbm
ovementsbinbEurope,bbecausebdifferentbgroupsbdefinedbtheirbethnicitiesbdifferently,bandboftenblive
dbdispersedbacrossbeasilybdefinedbgeographicbboundries
WhatbdoesbthisbmapbofbAfricanbrailwaysbsuggestbaboutbthebwaybEuropeanbcolonialbrulebcontinuedb
tobshapebpost-colonialbAfricanbeconomiesbduringbthebsecondbhalfbofbthebtwentiethbcentury?b-b-
Europeansbdevelopedbtheirbcolonies'binfrastructuresbsobtheybwouldbbebeasybtobcontrol,bsobwhenbt
heybleft,btheybleftbbehindbinfrastructurebdesignedbtobkeepbnationsbdivided,bratherbmeansbofbprom
otingbunity
-
Thebfocusbofbthebrailwaysbwasbbringingbthingsbtobthebcoast,bleavingbthebafricansbdependentbonbEur
opeansbforbtheirbeconomicblivelihoods
ThoughbthebColdbwarbneverbinvolvedbabliteralbwarbbetweenbthebUSbandbSovietbUnion,bitbneverthel
essbrepresentedbabglobalbconflictbwithbseriousbconsequencesbforbwoldbhistory,bforballbofbthebfollow
ingbreasonsbexcept...b-bManybpeoplebactuallybdidbdiebduringbthebcoldbwar
Europeanbempiresbhadbalwaysbbeenbfragilebentitiesbatbbest.bWhatbfactorsbhadballowedbEuropeansb
tobruleboverblargebAsainbandbAfricanbpopulationsbduringbtheb19thbandbearlyb20thbcenturies?b-b-
Europeanbdependencyb
, -Hadbabilitybtobbuildbabrulebtheirbempiresbbecausebofbtechnologicalbandbmilitarybsuperiority
WhatbmightbthisbpicturebfrombTimebMagazinebinb1946btellbusbaboutbthebpotentialbappealbofbthebCo
mmunistbsystembinbtheb1940'sbandb50's?b-
bThebcommunistbideologybappearedbtobofferbtotalbequality
WhatbeventsbduringbthebSecondbworldbWarbmightbhavebhelpedbabculturebofbdistrustbtobdevelopbbe
tweenbthebUnitedbStatesbandbthebSovietbUnion?b-
bWorkingbtogetherbcloselybagainstbabcommonbfoebshowedbthebUSbandbthebSovietbUnionbjustbhowb
muchbtheirbownbgovernmentsbdifferedbfrombeachbother,bcreatingbabfoundationbforbdistrustbandbdis
agreement
ThebGreatbleapbforwardb-
bTookbplacebunderbMaobZedong.bIntendedbtobquicklybraisebChinabtobthebindustrialblevelbofbBritainba
ndbthebUnitedbStatesb(similarbtob5byearbplanbunderbStalin).
WhatbwasbthebGreatbProletarianbCulturalbRevolutionb(akab"ThebTenbYearsbofbChaos)?b-
bTookbplacebinb1968.bWasbabprogrambcreatedbbybMaobZedongbintendedbtobpurifybandbrevitalizebChi
nesebandbglobalbcommunism.bTriedbempoweringbyoungbpeoplebwithbtheb"RedbGuards"bwhichbgav
ebyoungbpeoplebthebauthoritybtobcriticizebelders,bbutbtheybgotboutbofbcontrolbandbsobZedongbusedbt
hebmilitarybtobbringbthembbackbunderbcontrol.
NATOb-b"NorthbAtlanticbTreatybOrganization"
purpose:bthebU.S.bwasbtryingbtobgivebEuropebeconomicbsecuritybagain
Whatbisb"IdentitybPolitics"?b-
bActivismbthatbusuallybinvolvesbthebassumptionbthatbabparticularbcharacteristicbisbthebmostbimport
antbinbtheblivesbofbthebgroup
Eachbofbthebfollowingbhistoricalbeventsboffersbsupportbforbthosebhistoriansbwhobarguebthatbthebeve
ntsbofb1979bplayedbabgreaterbrolebinbalteringbthebhistorybofbglobalbpoliticsbthanbthosebofb1968,bexce
pt:b
-bThebrisebofb"identitybpolitics."
-bThebelectionbofbMargaretbThatcherbinbBritain.b
-bThebIranianbRevolution.b
-bThebSoviet-AfghanbWar.
-bThebvisitbofbthebleaderbofbthebChinesebcommunistbparty,bDengbXiaoping,btobthebUnitedbStates.b-
bThebRisebofb"IdentitybPolitics"bbecausebIdentitybPoliticsbwasbcreatedbinb1968bnotb1979
Whobwerebtheb"RedbGuards"?bWhatbwasbtheirbmovementbtryingbtobaccomplish?b-
bThebRedbGuardsbwerebChinesebyouthsbwhobwerebgivenbpowerbbybchairmanbMaobtob"cleanse"btheb
countrybofbthosebwhobopposedbcommunism
HistoriansbhavebarguedbthatbthebIranianbRevolutionbofb1979bwasbabmomentbofbworldbhistoricalbim
portancebsecondbonlyb(ifbnotbequalbto)bthebRussianbrevolutionbofb1917.bWhobdobtheybbelievebthisbt
obbebthebcase?b-b...
Thoughbthebcategorybofb"Postcolonial"bnationbinbtheb1060'sbincludedbcountiesbasbdifferentbasbindi
a,bEgypt,bandbvietnam,bhistoriansbneverthelessbarguebthatbthebtermbisbabusefulbdescriptivebforbeac
hbofbthebfollowingbreasonsbexcept..b-
bSincebEuropeanbrulersbhadbfocusedbonb"thebrulebofbdifference"bandbkeptbdifferentbgroupsbdividedb
,andbfightingbamongbthemselvesbsobthatbtheybcouldbkeepbcontrol,bthesebeffectsblastedblongbafterbth
ebEuropeansbleft,bresultingbinbmuchbdiscontentbbetweenbreligiousbandbethnicbgroups
ThebdecolonizationbofbEuropeanbempiresbinbAsianbandbAfricabduringbtheb1950'sbandb1960'sbresulte
dbinballbofbthebfollowingbconditionsbexcept...b-
bBecausebracialbandbreligiousbtensionsbwerebstillbprevalentbinbAsianbandbAfricabafterbDecolonizatio
n
HowbdidbthebproblemsbfacedbbybadvocatesbofbPan-ArabismbandbPan-
Africanismbcomparebtobthebproblemsbfacedbbybadvocatesbofbethnicbunificationbinbtheb19thbandbear
lyb20thbCenturiesb-bThebproblemsbtheybfacedbwerebsimilar.bPan-AfricanismbandbPan-
Arabismbwerebmovementsbforbethnicbunification,bbutbtheybfacedbthebsamebproblemsbasbsimilarbm
ovementsbinbEurope,bbecausebdifferentbgroupsbdefinedbtheirbethnicitiesbdifferently,bandboftenblive
dbdispersedbacrossbeasilybdefinedbgeographicbboundries
WhatbdoesbthisbmapbofbAfricanbrailwaysbsuggestbaboutbthebwaybEuropeanbcolonialbrulebcontinuedb
tobshapebpost-colonialbAfricanbeconomiesbduringbthebsecondbhalfbofbthebtwentiethbcentury?b-b-
Europeansbdevelopedbtheirbcolonies'binfrastructuresbsobtheybwouldbbebeasybtobcontrol,bsobwhenbt
heybleft,btheybleftbbehindbinfrastructurebdesignedbtobkeepbnationsbdivided,bratherbmeansbofbprom
otingbunity
-
Thebfocusbofbthebrailwaysbwasbbringingbthingsbtobthebcoast,bleavingbthebafricansbdependentbonbEur
opeansbforbtheirbeconomicblivelihoods
ThoughbthebColdbwarbneverbinvolvedbabliteralbwarbbetweenbthebUSbandbSovietbUnion,bitbneverthel
essbrepresentedbabglobalbconflictbwithbseriousbconsequencesbforbwoldbhistory,bforballbofbthebfollow
ingbreasonsbexcept...b-bManybpeoplebactuallybdidbdiebduringbthebcoldbwar
Europeanbempiresbhadbalwaysbbeenbfragilebentitiesbatbbest.bWhatbfactorsbhadballowedbEuropeansb
tobruleboverblargebAsainbandbAfricanbpopulationsbduringbtheb19thbandbearlyb20thbcenturies?b-b-
Europeanbdependencyb
, -Hadbabilitybtobbuildbabrulebtheirbempiresbbecausebofbtechnologicalbandbmilitarybsuperiority
WhatbmightbthisbpicturebfrombTimebMagazinebinb1946btellbusbaboutbthebpotentialbappealbofbthebCo
mmunistbsystembinbtheb1940'sbandb50's?b-
bThebcommunistbideologybappearedbtobofferbtotalbequality
WhatbeventsbduringbthebSecondbworldbWarbmightbhavebhelpedbabculturebofbdistrustbtobdevelopbbe
tweenbthebUnitedbStatesbandbthebSovietbUnion?b-
bWorkingbtogetherbcloselybagainstbabcommonbfoebshowedbthebUSbandbthebSovietbUnionbjustbhowb
muchbtheirbownbgovernmentsbdifferedbfrombeachbother,bcreatingbabfoundationbforbdistrustbandbdis
agreement
ThebGreatbleapbforwardb-
bTookbplacebunderbMaobZedong.bIntendedbtobquicklybraisebChinabtobthebindustrialblevelbofbBritainba
ndbthebUnitedbStatesb(similarbtob5byearbplanbunderbStalin).
WhatbwasbthebGreatbProletarianbCulturalbRevolutionb(akab"ThebTenbYearsbofbChaos)?b-
bTookbplacebinb1968.bWasbabprogrambcreatedbbybMaobZedongbintendedbtobpurifybandbrevitalizebChi
nesebandbglobalbcommunism.bTriedbempoweringbyoungbpeoplebwithbtheb"RedbGuards"bwhichbgav
ebyoungbpeoplebthebauthoritybtobcriticizebelders,bbutbtheybgotboutbofbcontrolbandbsobZedongbusedbt
hebmilitarybtobbringbthembbackbunderbcontrol.
NATOb-b"NorthbAtlanticbTreatybOrganization"
purpose:bthebU.S.bwasbtryingbtobgivebEuropebeconomicbsecuritybagain
Whatbisb"IdentitybPolitics"?b-
bActivismbthatbusuallybinvolvesbthebassumptionbthatbabparticularbcharacteristicbisbthebmostbimport
antbinbtheblivesbofbthebgroup
