ChamberlainBIOS 251Exam 1 |With complete
solution | UPDATED 2025
What 4 ways do you examine the body? - Inspection,Palpation,Auscultationand
Percussion
Inspection- Seeing the body
Palpation- to examineby touch
Auscultation- Listening with a stethoscope
Percussion- takinghandsand beatingovercertainpartsof body
Medical Imaging- methodsof viewingtheinside of thebodywithoutsurgery,i.e. radiology
Gross Anatomy- Studyof structuresthatcan beseenwith thenakedeyeHistology -
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Histopathology-
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of diseaseCytology -
study of structure and function of cells
Ultrastructure- fine detail,downto themolecularlevel,revealedby theelectronmicroscope
Subdisciplines of Physiology - neurophysiology,endocrinology,pathophysiology
Neurophysiology- physiology of the nervous system
Endocrinology- study of hormones
Pathophysiology- mechanismsof disease
Hippocrates- Father of medicine
ScientificFact - informationthatcan beindependentlyverified
Law of Nature- a generalizationaboutthepredictablewaysin which matterand energy
behave
Theory - explanatorystatementor setof statementsderivedfrom facts,lawsand confirmed
hypotheses
Bipedalism- theabilityto walk uprighton twolegs
The Hierarchy of Complexity- Organ system-organs-tissues- cells-organelles-
molecules-atoms
situsinvertus- heartis on theoppositeside
Organization- living thingsexhibita higherlevelof organizationthannonliving things Cellular
Composition- living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
Metabolism- internalchemicalreactions;thesum of all biochemicaleventsthatoccur in the body
Responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
Movement- of
organism and/or of substances within the organism Characteristics of life- organization, cellular
composition, metabolism, responsivenessand movement,homeostasis,development,
reproduction,evolution
Homeostasis- theabilityto detectchange,activatemechanismsthatopposeit and thereby
maintain stable internal conditions
Physiological Variation- Sex,age,diet,weight,physicalactivity,geneticsand
environment
, Feedback Loops- biological mechanisms where homeostasis is maintained Homeostasis
in Body Temperature- -If too warm,vesselsdilatein theskin and sweating begins (heat -losing
mechanism)
-If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism) Negative
Feedback- a mechanismof responsein which a stimulusinitiatesreactionsthat reduce the stimulus
Receptor- structurethatsenseschangein thebody
Integrating (control) Center- controlcenterthatprocessesthesensoryinformation,"makes a
decision," and directs the response
Effector- cell or organthatcarriesout thefinal correctiveactionto restore
homeostasis
Positive Feedback- Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is repeated. Normal wayof
producingrapid changes.Can sometimes bedangerous.ex. childbirthGradient- a differencein
chemicalconcentration,charge,temperature,or pressurebetween two points. Chemicals flow down
concentration gradients. Charged particles flow down electrical gradients. Heat flows down thermal
gradients.
CT Scan - computedtomographyscan MRI -
magnetic resonance imaging
PET scan - a visualdisplayof brain activitythatdetectswherea radioactiveform of glucose goes
while the brain performs a given task
Sonography- high frequencysoundwavesechoback from internalorgans
The relationship between function and structure - Form createsfunction,function
predicts form
The primary function of red blood cells - To transportvital gasesto and from thebody tissues.
Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues
the to the lungs so that it
can be exhaled out of the body.
How are red blood cells unlike other body cells? - As they mature they lose their nucleus
and organelles,which allows roomfor morehemoglobinmoleculeswhich areoxygen binding
proteins.
What do red blood cells display? - Viscoelasticity, they have the ability to go backtheir
to
original shapeif theybecomedeformeddueto stress.This allowsthemto be ableto flow through
narrow blood vessels.
Superior- Structurethatis towardtheheadof thebody How
many body cavities are in the body? - 4
Ventral/Dorsal- front and back
anterior/posterior- Towardtheventralside
Toward the dorsal side
Cephallic - towardtheheador superiorend
Rostral- toward the forehead or nose Caudal -
toward the tail or inferior end Inferior - below
Medial/Lateral- towardthemidline/awayfrom themidline
Proximal/Distal- closerto point of attachment/farther from point of attachment
ipsilateral/contralateral - on the same side of the body/opposite side of body Superficial/Deep-
closer to body surface/farther from body surface
solution | UPDATED 2025
What 4 ways do you examine the body? - Inspection,Palpation,Auscultationand
Percussion
Inspection- Seeing the body
Palpation- to examineby touch
Auscultation- Listening with a stethoscope
Percussion- takinghandsand beatingovercertainpartsof body
Medical Imaging- methodsof viewingtheinside of thebodywithoutsurgery,i.e. radiology
Gross Anatomy- Studyof structuresthatcan beseenwith thenakedeyeHistology -
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Histopathology-
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of diseaseCytology -
study of structure and function of cells
Ultrastructure- fine detail,downto themolecularlevel,revealedby theelectronmicroscope
Subdisciplines of Physiology - neurophysiology,endocrinology,pathophysiology
Neurophysiology- physiology of the nervous system
Endocrinology- study of hormones
Pathophysiology- mechanismsof disease
Hippocrates- Father of medicine
ScientificFact - informationthatcan beindependentlyverified
Law of Nature- a generalizationaboutthepredictablewaysin which matterand energy
behave
Theory - explanatorystatementor setof statementsderivedfrom facts,lawsand confirmed
hypotheses
Bipedalism- theabilityto walk uprighton twolegs
The Hierarchy of Complexity- Organ system-organs-tissues- cells-organelles-
molecules-atoms
situsinvertus- heartis on theoppositeside
Organization- living thingsexhibita higherlevelof organizationthannonliving things Cellular
Composition- living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
Metabolism- internalchemicalreactions;thesum of all biochemicaleventsthatoccur in the body
Responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
Movement- of
organism and/or of substances within the organism Characteristics of life- organization, cellular
composition, metabolism, responsivenessand movement,homeostasis,development,
reproduction,evolution
Homeostasis- theabilityto detectchange,activatemechanismsthatopposeit and thereby
maintain stable internal conditions
Physiological Variation- Sex,age,diet,weight,physicalactivity,geneticsand
environment
, Feedback Loops- biological mechanisms where homeostasis is maintained Homeostasis
in Body Temperature- -If too warm,vesselsdilatein theskin and sweating begins (heat -losing
mechanism)
-If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism) Negative
Feedback- a mechanismof responsein which a stimulusinitiatesreactionsthat reduce the stimulus
Receptor- structurethatsenseschangein thebody
Integrating (control) Center- controlcenterthatprocessesthesensoryinformation,"makes a
decision," and directs the response
Effector- cell or organthatcarriesout thefinal correctiveactionto restore
homeostasis
Positive Feedback- Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is repeated. Normal wayof
producingrapid changes.Can sometimes bedangerous.ex. childbirthGradient- a differencein
chemicalconcentration,charge,temperature,or pressurebetween two points. Chemicals flow down
concentration gradients. Charged particles flow down electrical gradients. Heat flows down thermal
gradients.
CT Scan - computedtomographyscan MRI -
magnetic resonance imaging
PET scan - a visualdisplayof brain activitythatdetectswherea radioactiveform of glucose goes
while the brain performs a given task
Sonography- high frequencysoundwavesechoback from internalorgans
The relationship between function and structure - Form createsfunction,function
predicts form
The primary function of red blood cells - To transportvital gasesto and from thebody tissues.
Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues
the to the lungs so that it
can be exhaled out of the body.
How are red blood cells unlike other body cells? - As they mature they lose their nucleus
and organelles,which allows roomfor morehemoglobinmoleculeswhich areoxygen binding
proteins.
What do red blood cells display? - Viscoelasticity, they have the ability to go backtheir
to
original shapeif theybecomedeformeddueto stress.This allowsthemto be ableto flow through
narrow blood vessels.
Superior- Structurethatis towardtheheadof thebody How
many body cavities are in the body? - 4
Ventral/Dorsal- front and back
anterior/posterior- Towardtheventralside
Toward the dorsal side
Cephallic - towardtheheador superiorend
Rostral- toward the forehead or nose Caudal -
toward the tail or inferior end Inferior - below
Medial/Lateral- towardthemidline/awayfrom themidline
Proximal/Distal- closerto point of attachment/farther from point of attachment
ipsilateral/contralateral - on the same side of the body/opposite side of body Superficial/Deep-
closer to body surface/farther from body surface
