D515 Exam 4 (NEWEST UPDATED EXAM) with ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
precise detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle ||\\//||
attached to bones and skin, voluntary, require nervous system stimulation, contract rapidly,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
trier easily, powerful, elongated cells/muscle fibers, striated
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle Structure ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CT transmits mechanical forces of muscle -> epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Epimysium of Skeletal Muscle ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CT sheath surrounding muscle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Perimysium
CT sheath surrounding a fascicle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Endomysium
CT sheath surrounding each muscle fiber/cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Muscle Fiber ||\\//||
,long cylindrical cells with multiple peripheral nuclei, sarcolemma -> cell membrane,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
myofibril -> contractile element, densely packed rods, gives striated appearance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Myofibrils
organelles composed of bundles of myofilaments, sarcomeres -> contractile units arranged ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
end to end (portion between 2 Z lines), myofilaments -> filaments made of contractile
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
proteins, thin filament = actin and thick filament = myosin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sarcomere Components ||\\//||
A band -> thick filaments including filament overlap, H zone -> midsection of A band
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
excluding overlap, M line -> anchors thick filaments (myosin), I band -> thin filaments ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(actin), Z line -> sheets of proteins that anchor thin filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Myofilaments
thick -> myosin with head that binds to actin and ATP and polypeptide chain tail, thin ->
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
actin with twisted double strand of actin subunits (tropomyosin and troponin regulatory
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
proteins)
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
relaxed -> little overlap of filaments, contraction -> thick filaments pull thin filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
toward center for more overlap (Z lines closer and sarcomere shortens, I bands shorten, H
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
zone disappears, A band stays same length but closer together)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Low Intracellular [Ca2+]
||\\//|| ||\\//||
tropomyosin blocks active sites on actin, myosin heads can't attach to actin, muscle fiber ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
relaxes
High Intracellular [Ca2+] ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Ca2+ binds to troponin 2. Troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosin away from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
myosin-binding sites 3. Myosin heads bind to actin causing sarcomere shortening and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
muscle contraction ||\\//||
Cross Bridge Cycle ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Cross bridge formation 2. Power stroke 3. Cross bridge detachment 4. Cocking of myosin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
head
Cross Bridge Formation ||\\//|| ||\\//||
first step in cross bridge cycle, energized myosin head attaches to actin myofilament and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
forms a cross bridge ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Power Stroke ||\\//||
second step in cross bridge cycle, ADP and Pi are released and the myosin head pivots and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bends changing to its bent low-energy states and pulls actin toward M line
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cross Bridge Detachment ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, third step in cross bridge cycle, after ATP attaches to myosin the link between myosin and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
actin weakens and the myosin head detaches (without ATP -> myosin heads don't detach -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
> rigor mortis)||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sarcotubular System ||\\//||
connects nerve impulse to Ca2+ release, includes T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(SR)
T Tubule ||\\//||
part of sarcotubular system, tunnel-like extensions of sarcolemma, allows propagation of AP
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
into cell, surround myofibrils
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
part of sarcotubular system, specialized smooth ER, network surrounding each myofibril,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
stores and releases Ca2+, terminal cisterns = end dilations ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Overview ||\\//|| ||\\//||
AP spreads along cell membrane and travels through T tubules, a permeability change is
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
produced in the membranes of the SR which releases Ca2+ from the SR into the cytosol ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Steps ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. AP propagates along sarcolemma and down T tubules 2. Ca2+ released (transmission of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
AP along T tubules of the triads opens channnels in terminal cisterns of SR) 3. Ca2+ binds
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
precise detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle ||\\//||
attached to bones and skin, voluntary, require nervous system stimulation, contract rapidly,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
trier easily, powerful, elongated cells/muscle fibers, striated
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Skeletal Muscle Structure ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CT transmits mechanical forces of muscle -> epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Epimysium of Skeletal Muscle ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
CT sheath surrounding muscle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Perimysium
CT sheath surrounding a fascicle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Endomysium
CT sheath surrounding each muscle fiber/cell
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Muscle Fiber ||\\//||
,long cylindrical cells with multiple peripheral nuclei, sarcolemma -> cell membrane,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
myofibril -> contractile element, densely packed rods, gives striated appearance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Myofibrils
organelles composed of bundles of myofilaments, sarcomeres -> contractile units arranged ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
end to end (portion between 2 Z lines), myofilaments -> filaments made of contractile
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
proteins, thin filament = actin and thick filament = myosin ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sarcomere Components ||\\//||
A band -> thick filaments including filament overlap, H zone -> midsection of A band
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
excluding overlap, M line -> anchors thick filaments (myosin), I band -> thin filaments ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(actin), Z line -> sheets of proteins that anchor thin filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Myofilaments
thick -> myosin with head that binds to actin and ATP and polypeptide chain tail, thin ->
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
actin with twisted double strand of actin subunits (tropomyosin and troponin regulatory
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
proteins)
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
relaxed -> little overlap of filaments, contraction -> thick filaments pull thin filaments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
toward center for more overlap (Z lines closer and sarcomere shortens, I bands shorten, H
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
zone disappears, A band stays same length but closer together)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Low Intracellular [Ca2+]
||\\//|| ||\\//||
tropomyosin blocks active sites on actin, myosin heads can't attach to actin, muscle fiber ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
relaxes
High Intracellular [Ca2+] ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Ca2+ binds to troponin 2. Troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosin away from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
myosin-binding sites 3. Myosin heads bind to actin causing sarcomere shortening and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
muscle contraction ||\\//||
Cross Bridge Cycle ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. Cross bridge formation 2. Power stroke 3. Cross bridge detachment 4. Cocking of myosin
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
head
Cross Bridge Formation ||\\//|| ||\\//||
first step in cross bridge cycle, energized myosin head attaches to actin myofilament and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
forms a cross bridge ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Power Stroke ||\\//||
second step in cross bridge cycle, ADP and Pi are released and the myosin head pivots and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bends changing to its bent low-energy states and pulls actin toward M line
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cross Bridge Detachment ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, third step in cross bridge cycle, after ATP attaches to myosin the link between myosin and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
actin weakens and the myosin head detaches (without ATP -> myosin heads don't detach -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
> rigor mortis)||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sarcotubular System ||\\//||
connects nerve impulse to Ca2+ release, includes T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(SR)
T Tubule ||\\//||
part of sarcotubular system, tunnel-like extensions of sarcolemma, allows propagation of AP
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
into cell, surround myofibrils
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) ||\\//|| ||\\//||
part of sarcotubular system, specialized smooth ER, network surrounding each myofibril,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
stores and releases Ca2+, terminal cisterns = end dilations ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Overview ||\\//|| ||\\//||
AP spreads along cell membrane and travels through T tubules, a permeability change is
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
produced in the membranes of the SR which releases Ca2+ from the SR into the cytosol ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Steps ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1. AP propagates along sarcolemma and down T tubules 2. Ca2+ released (transmission of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
AP along T tubules of the triads opens channnels in terminal cisterns of SR) 3. Ca2+ binds
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
