CJE Exam Questions and Answers Graded A+

CJE Exam Questions and Answers Graded A+ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1942) BOE required teachers and students to salute flag. Refusal to salute was considered insubordination, punishable by expulsion and charges of delinquency. In 6-to-3 decision, Court overruled its decision in Minersville School District v. Gobitis and held that compelling public schoolchildren to salute the flag was unconstitutional. The Court found that such a salute was a form of utterance and was a means of communicating ideas. New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) This U.S. Supreme Court case extended the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech to libel cases brought by public officials. The Supreme Court sought to encourage public debate by changing the rules involving libel that had previously been the province of state law and state courts, and that a public official cannot receive damages unless statements were made in "actual malice."