Psychometrics Exam 3MT3 with precise detailed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answers
structured personality test - correct answer✔✔individuals are provided with a statement ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and are required to choose between two or more alternative responses
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
e.g. Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
projective personality test - correct answer✔✔unstructured test in which either the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
stimulus or the required response or both is ambiguous; individual provides spontaneous ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
response rather than choosing between alternatives ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
e.g. Rorschach test, thematic apperception test
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
properties of scales - correct answer✔✔- *Magnitude* - particular instance represents more, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
less, or equal amounts of the given quantity
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- *Equal intervals* - difference between the two points on the scale has the same meaning
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
as the difference between two other points on the scale that differ by the same number of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
units ||\\//||
- * Absolute zero* - nothing of the property being measured exists
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
nominal scale - correct answer✔✔- Categorizes objects ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- No magnitude, equal intervals, or absolute zero
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Can't perform mathematical operations on them
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- e.g. grouping individuals by where they were born
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,ordinal scale - correct answer✔✔- Scale that has magnitude, but not equal intervals or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
absolute zero ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Popular in psychology
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- e.g. Likert scales, IQ scores
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
interval scale - correct answer✔✔- Has magnitude and equal intervals, but doesn't have an
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
absolute zero ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- e.g. age
||\\//|| ||\\//||
ratio scale - correct answer✔✔- Has magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute zero
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- e.g. digit span, years of education
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
measures of central tendency - correct answer✔✔- *Mean* - average of all scores ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- *Median* - the middle value in a dataset
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
measures of dispersion - correct answer✔✔- *Variance*- tells us about the spread of the||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
data; average squared distance from the mean; squared to eliminate negative #'s
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- *Standard deviation* - square root of the variance, tells us how much values deviate from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the mean; puts spread of data into standardized units
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
normal distribution - correct answer✔✔- Most data we collect from a large enough sample
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
within the population will follow a normal distribution
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Follows a symmetrical "bell shaped" curve
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Data are evenly distributed around the mean
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
histogram/frequency distribution - correct answer✔✔how many people fall into a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
particular range of scores ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,central tendency - correct answer✔✔- Middle of the data set ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- If perfectly normal distribution, median and mean are the same
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- If mean value is much lower/higher than the median, it suggests the data is skewed
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
empirical rule of thumb - correct answer✔✔- When the data follows a normal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
distribution...
- 68% of all data will fall within one standard deviation of the mean
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- 95% will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- 99.7% of all data will fall within 3 standard deviations of the the mean
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
percentile rank - correct answer✔✔% of scores that fall below a particular score ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
percentile - correct answer✔✔particular score, below which a certain percentage of scores ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fall (i.e. opposite of percentile rank)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
norms - correct answer✔✔- Performances defined by groups on a particular test
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Allow you to compare a particular score with some standardized
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
distribution/representative sample ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Tells us how people "should be" performing relative to what is average within the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
population
norm-referenced test - correct answer✔✔compares each person with a norm ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
criterion-referenced test - correct answer✔✔- Specific type of skill, task, or knowledge that ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the test taker can demonstrate
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- See if they pass a certain criteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, - e.g. driving test
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
univariate data - correct answer✔✔one score for each person ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bivariate distribution - correct answer✔✔- Two scores for each person ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Shows the relationship between 2 variables
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Plot data on scatterplot
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
principle of least squares - correct answer✔✔minimizes the squared deviation/sum of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
residuals around the regression line ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
residual - correct answer✔✔difference between observed score and predicted score
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
calculating the equation of the regression line requires... - correct answer✔✔covariance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
slope of the line ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intercept
covariance/sum of cross products - correct answer✔✔- Tells us how much 2 variables move ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
together
- Cross product of variance around the mean of X and mean of Y
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
regression coefficient (slope) (Beta-coefficient/weight) - correct answer✔✔- Slope of the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
regression line ||\\//||
- Tells us change in one of variable (X) for each one unit change in another variable (Y)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intercept of the regression line - correct answer✔✔predicted value for y when x = 0
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answers
structured personality test - correct answer✔✔individuals are provided with a statement ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and are required to choose between two or more alternative responses
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
e.g. Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
projective personality test - correct answer✔✔unstructured test in which either the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
stimulus or the required response or both is ambiguous; individual provides spontaneous ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
response rather than choosing between alternatives ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
e.g. Rorschach test, thematic apperception test
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
properties of scales - correct answer✔✔- *Magnitude* - particular instance represents more, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
less, or equal amounts of the given quantity
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- *Equal intervals* - difference between the two points on the scale has the same meaning
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
as the difference between two other points on the scale that differ by the same number of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
units ||\\//||
- * Absolute zero* - nothing of the property being measured exists
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
nominal scale - correct answer✔✔- Categorizes objects ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- No magnitude, equal intervals, or absolute zero
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Can't perform mathematical operations on them
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- e.g. grouping individuals by where they were born
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,ordinal scale - correct answer✔✔- Scale that has magnitude, but not equal intervals or
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
absolute zero ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Popular in psychology
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- e.g. Likert scales, IQ scores
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
interval scale - correct answer✔✔- Has magnitude and equal intervals, but doesn't have an
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
absolute zero ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- e.g. age
||\\//|| ||\\//||
ratio scale - correct answer✔✔- Has magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute zero
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- e.g. digit span, years of education
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
measures of central tendency - correct answer✔✔- *Mean* - average of all scores ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- *Median* - the middle value in a dataset
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
measures of dispersion - correct answer✔✔- *Variance*- tells us about the spread of the||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
data; average squared distance from the mean; squared to eliminate negative #'s
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- *Standard deviation* - square root of the variance, tells us how much values deviate from
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the mean; puts spread of data into standardized units
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
normal distribution - correct answer✔✔- Most data we collect from a large enough sample
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
within the population will follow a normal distribution
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Follows a symmetrical "bell shaped" curve
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Data are evenly distributed around the mean
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
histogram/frequency distribution - correct answer✔✔how many people fall into a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
particular range of scores ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,central tendency - correct answer✔✔- Middle of the data set ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- If perfectly normal distribution, median and mean are the same
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- If mean value is much lower/higher than the median, it suggests the data is skewed
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
empirical rule of thumb - correct answer✔✔- When the data follows a normal ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
distribution...
- 68% of all data will fall within one standard deviation of the mean
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- 95% will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- 99.7% of all data will fall within 3 standard deviations of the the mean
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
percentile rank - correct answer✔✔% of scores that fall below a particular score ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
percentile - correct answer✔✔particular score, below which a certain percentage of scores ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fall (i.e. opposite of percentile rank)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
norms - correct answer✔✔- Performances defined by groups on a particular test
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Allow you to compare a particular score with some standardized
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
distribution/representative sample ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Tells us how people "should be" performing relative to what is average within the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
population
norm-referenced test - correct answer✔✔compares each person with a norm ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
criterion-referenced test - correct answer✔✔- Specific type of skill, task, or knowledge that ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the test taker can demonstrate
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- See if they pass a certain criteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, - e.g. driving test
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
univariate data - correct answer✔✔one score for each person ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bivariate distribution - correct answer✔✔- Two scores for each person ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Shows the relationship between 2 variables
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Plot data on scatterplot
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
principle of least squares - correct answer✔✔minimizes the squared deviation/sum of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
residuals around the regression line ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
residual - correct answer✔✔difference between observed score and predicted score
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
calculating the equation of the regression line requires... - correct answer✔✔covariance ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
slope of the line ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intercept
covariance/sum of cross products - correct answer✔✔- Tells us how much 2 variables move ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
together
- Cross product of variance around the mean of X and mean of Y
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
regression coefficient (slope) (Beta-coefficient/weight) - correct answer✔✔- Slope of the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
regression line ||\\//||
- Tells us change in one of variable (X) for each one unit change in another variable (Y)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intercept of the regression line - correct answer✔✔predicted value for y when x = 0
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
