Psychometrics and Individual Differences Exam 1 ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(CH 1-4) with accurate detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Define psychometrics ||\\//||
It comes from "psycho" - soul and "metro" -measurement
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Psychometrics is a branch of psychology which focuses on the measurement of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
psychological attributes and behaviours. It is a set of theories and methods related to the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
development of measurement instruments, as well as to the evaluation of their metric ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
properties and usefulness. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Define measurement ||\\//||
the process of assigning symbols (typically numbers) to objects, persons, or events in such a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
way as to describe the degree at which they present some attributes or their membership
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
into some categories ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the result of the measurement process?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Symbols (typically numbers) assigned to objects, people, or events ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Define assessment ||\\//||
the process of data collection, utilization, and interpretation about individuals or greater
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
entities (couples, groups, classrooms, organization, etc.)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,What are the 3 functions of measurement?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1- scientific; to quantify, isolate or classify variables, to reduce measurement error and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
increase precision, to facilitate the assessment and diagnosis of individuals, to make
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
comparisons possible, to generalize, etc. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2- Sociopolitical; increase the objectivity of decision making processes, including selection
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
procedures, reduce the risk of errors in decision making, protect decision makers against ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
errors, etc ||\\//||
3- Clinical; facilitate communications (fewer words, greater consistency), help decide on
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
treatment based on the exact degree to which the problem is present, help in following how ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
clients evolve over time, etc ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the pros of using numbers in measurement?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It makes comparison possible, facilitates the communication of results, make it possible to
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
rely on statistical analysis, can be transformed to enrich descriptions,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What does using numbers in measurement depend on?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It depends on the precision of the measure, the measurement scale, measurement errors,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and measurement context
||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the three main characteristics of a psychological test?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1- A psychological test is a stimulus aiming to elicit a sample of relevant behaviours
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2- This sample of behaviours is obtained under standardized conditions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, 3- This sample of behaviours will be converted to symbols (numbers) using standardized
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
procedures
What is a psychological construct? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
an abstract entity that was created to reflect a set of behaviours that tend to co-occur with
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
one another ||\\//||
How is a psychological construct assessed? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
By soliciting a representative sample of these behaviours. The sample should be limited (ex.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
time constraints, not over years) and inclusive (cover all relevant aspects)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the quality measurement (diagnostic value) and ability to generalize conclusions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(predictive value) intimately related to? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It is related to the degree to which the sample of behaviours is representative
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A psychological test is designed to --
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
solicit samples of behaviours ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are standardized procedures important for when administering a test?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
standardized procedures are a necessary requirement to the comparison of individuals to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
one another ||\\//||
(CH 1-4) with accurate detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Define psychometrics ||\\//||
It comes from "psycho" - soul and "metro" -measurement
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Psychometrics is a branch of psychology which focuses on the measurement of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
psychological attributes and behaviours. It is a set of theories and methods related to the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
development of measurement instruments, as well as to the evaluation of their metric ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
properties and usefulness. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Define measurement ||\\//||
the process of assigning symbols (typically numbers) to objects, persons, or events in such a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
way as to describe the degree at which they present some attributes or their membership
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
into some categories ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the result of the measurement process?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Symbols (typically numbers) assigned to objects, people, or events ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Define assessment ||\\//||
the process of data collection, utilization, and interpretation about individuals or greater
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
entities (couples, groups, classrooms, organization, etc.)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,What are the 3 functions of measurement?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1- scientific; to quantify, isolate or classify variables, to reduce measurement error and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
increase precision, to facilitate the assessment and diagnosis of individuals, to make
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
comparisons possible, to generalize, etc. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2- Sociopolitical; increase the objectivity of decision making processes, including selection
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
procedures, reduce the risk of errors in decision making, protect decision makers against ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
errors, etc ||\\//||
3- Clinical; facilitate communications (fewer words, greater consistency), help decide on
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
treatment based on the exact degree to which the problem is present, help in following how ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
clients evolve over time, etc ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the pros of using numbers in measurement?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It makes comparison possible, facilitates the communication of results, make it possible to
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
rely on statistical analysis, can be transformed to enrich descriptions,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What does using numbers in measurement depend on?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It depends on the precision of the measure, the measurement scale, measurement errors,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and measurement context
||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the three main characteristics of a psychological test?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
1- A psychological test is a stimulus aiming to elicit a sample of relevant behaviours
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2- This sample of behaviours is obtained under standardized conditions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, 3- This sample of behaviours will be converted to symbols (numbers) using standardized
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
procedures
What is a psychological construct? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
an abstract entity that was created to reflect a set of behaviours that tend to co-occur with
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
one another ||\\//||
How is a psychological construct assessed? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
By soliciting a representative sample of these behaviours. The sample should be limited (ex.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
time constraints, not over years) and inclusive (cover all relevant aspects)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the quality measurement (diagnostic value) and ability to generalize conclusions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(predictive value) intimately related to? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It is related to the degree to which the sample of behaviours is representative
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
A psychological test is designed to --
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
solicit samples of behaviours ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are standardized procedures important for when administering a test?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
standardized procedures are a necessary requirement to the comparison of individuals to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
one another ||\\//||
