Biostatistics for the Biological and Health
ST
Sciences – 2nd Edition
UV
SOLUTIONS
IA
MANUAL
_A
Marc Triola
PP
RO
Comprehensive Solutions Manual for Instructors
VE
and Students
© Marc Triola
D?
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©STUDYSTREAM
, CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction To Statistics
ST
Section 1-1: Statistical and Critical Thinking............................................................................1
Section 1-2: Types of Data ........................................................................................................2
Section 1-3: Collecting Sample Data.........................................................................................3
Chapter Quick Quiz ...................................................................................................................5
UV
Review Exercises .......................................................................................................................5
Cumulative Review Exercises ...................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Exploring Data with Tables and Graphs
Section 2-1: Frequency Distributions for Organizing and Summarizing Data..........................7
Section 2-2: Histograms...........................................................................................................12
IA
Section 2-3: Graphs That Enlighten and Graphs That Deceive...............................................14
Section 2-4: Scatterplots, Correlation, and Regression ...........................................................17
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................18
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................18
_A
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................20
Chapter 3: Describing, Exploring, and Comparing Data
Section 3-1: Measures of Center..............................................................................................23
Section 3-2: Measures of Variation .........................................................................................27
Section 3-3: Measures of Relative Standing and Boxplots......................................................31
PP
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................34
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................35
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................35
Chapter 4: Probability
RO
Section 4-1: Basic Concepts of Probability .............................................................................37
Section 4-2: Addition Rule and Multiplication Rule ...............................................................38
Section 4-3: Complements, Conditional Probability, and Bayes’ Theorem............................41
Section 4-4: Risks and Odds ....................................................................................................42
Section 4-5: Rates of Mortality, Fertility, and Morbidity........................................................44
Section 4-6: Counting ..............................................................................................................46
VE
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................48
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................48
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................49
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions
D?
Section 5-1: Probability Distributions .....................................................................................51
Section 5-2: Binomial Probability Distributions......................................................................52
Section 5-3: Poisson Probability Distributions ........................................................................55
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................57
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................58
??
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................59
, Chapter 6: Normal Probability Distributions
Section 6-1: The Standard Normal Distribution ......................................................................61
Section 6-2: Real Applications of Normal Distributions.........................................................62
ST
Section 6-3: Sampling Distributions and Estimators ...............................................................65
Section 6-4: The Central Limit Theorem.................................................................................69
Section 6-5: Assessing Normality............................................................................................72
Section 6-6: Normal as Approximation to Binomial ...............................................................75
UV
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................77
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................77
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................79
Chapter 7: Estimating Parameters and Determining Sample Sizes
Section 7-1: Estimating a Population Proportion.....................................................................81
IA
Section 7-2: Estimating a Population Mean.............................................................................85
Section 7-3: Estimating a Population Standard Deviation or Variance...................................89
Section 7-4: Bootstrapping: Using Technology for Estimates ................................................92
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................94
_A
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................94
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................96
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing ..............................................................................97
Section 8-2: Testing a Claim About a Proportion....................................................................99
PP
Section 8-3: Testing a Claim About a Mean..........................................................................104
Section 8-4: Testing a Claim About a Standard Deviation or Variance ................................108
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................110
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................111
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................112
RO
Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
Section 9-1: Two Proportions ................................................................................................115
Section 9-2: Two Means: Independent Samples....................................................................124
Section 9-3: Two Dependent Samples (Matched Pairs) ........................................................130
Section 9-4: Two Variances or Standard Deviations.............................................................134
VE
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................136
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................137
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................138
Chapter 10: Correlation and Regression
D?
Section 10-1: Correlation.......................................................................................................141
Section 10-2: Regression .......................................................................................................148
Section 10-3: Prediction Intervals and Variation...................................................................156
Section 10-4: Multiple Regression.........................................................................................159
Section 10-5: Dummy Variables and Logistic Regression ....................................................161
??
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................162
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................162
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................164
, Chapter 11: Goodness-of-Fit and Contingency Tables
Section 11-1: Goodness-of-Fit...............................................................................................167
Section 11-2: Contingency Tables .........................................................................................170
ST
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................174
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................175
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................176
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance
UV
Section 12-1: One-Way ANOVA ..........................................................................................177
Section 12-2: Two-Way ANOVA .........................................................................................178
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................179
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................180
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................180
IA
Chapter 13: Nonparametric Tests
Section 13-2: Sign Test..........................................................................................................183
Section 13-3: Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs ............................................184
Section 13-4: Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Two Independent samples...............................185
_A
Section 13-5: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Three or More Samples ............................................188
Section 13-6: Rank Correlation .............................................................................................190
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................191
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................192
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................192
PP
Chapter 14: Survival Analysis
Section 14-1: Life Tables.......................................................................................................195
Section 14-2: Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis .....................................................................197
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................198
RO
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................199
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................200
VE
D?
??
ST
Sciences – 2nd Edition
UV
SOLUTIONS
IA
MANUAL
_A
Marc Triola
PP
RO
Comprehensive Solutions Manual for Instructors
VE
and Students
© Marc Triola
D?
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©STUDYSTREAM
, CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction To Statistics
ST
Section 1-1: Statistical and Critical Thinking............................................................................1
Section 1-2: Types of Data ........................................................................................................2
Section 1-3: Collecting Sample Data.........................................................................................3
Chapter Quick Quiz ...................................................................................................................5
UV
Review Exercises .......................................................................................................................5
Cumulative Review Exercises ...................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Exploring Data with Tables and Graphs
Section 2-1: Frequency Distributions for Organizing and Summarizing Data..........................7
Section 2-2: Histograms...........................................................................................................12
IA
Section 2-3: Graphs That Enlighten and Graphs That Deceive...............................................14
Section 2-4: Scatterplots, Correlation, and Regression ...........................................................17
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................18
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................18
_A
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................20
Chapter 3: Describing, Exploring, and Comparing Data
Section 3-1: Measures of Center..............................................................................................23
Section 3-2: Measures of Variation .........................................................................................27
Section 3-3: Measures of Relative Standing and Boxplots......................................................31
PP
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................34
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................35
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................35
Chapter 4: Probability
RO
Section 4-1: Basic Concepts of Probability .............................................................................37
Section 4-2: Addition Rule and Multiplication Rule ...............................................................38
Section 4-3: Complements, Conditional Probability, and Bayes’ Theorem............................41
Section 4-4: Risks and Odds ....................................................................................................42
Section 4-5: Rates of Mortality, Fertility, and Morbidity........................................................44
Section 4-6: Counting ..............................................................................................................46
VE
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................48
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................48
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................49
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions
D?
Section 5-1: Probability Distributions .....................................................................................51
Section 5-2: Binomial Probability Distributions......................................................................52
Section 5-3: Poisson Probability Distributions ........................................................................55
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................57
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................58
??
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................59
, Chapter 6: Normal Probability Distributions
Section 6-1: The Standard Normal Distribution ......................................................................61
Section 6-2: Real Applications of Normal Distributions.........................................................62
ST
Section 6-3: Sampling Distributions and Estimators ...............................................................65
Section 6-4: The Central Limit Theorem.................................................................................69
Section 6-5: Assessing Normality............................................................................................72
Section 6-6: Normal as Approximation to Binomial ...............................................................75
UV
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................77
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................77
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................79
Chapter 7: Estimating Parameters and Determining Sample Sizes
Section 7-1: Estimating a Population Proportion.....................................................................81
IA
Section 7-2: Estimating a Population Mean.............................................................................85
Section 7-3: Estimating a Population Standard Deviation or Variance...................................89
Section 7-4: Bootstrapping: Using Technology for Estimates ................................................92
Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................94
_A
Review Exercises .....................................................................................................................94
Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................96
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing ..............................................................................97
Section 8-2: Testing a Claim About a Proportion....................................................................99
PP
Section 8-3: Testing a Claim About a Mean..........................................................................104
Section 8-4: Testing a Claim About a Standard Deviation or Variance ................................108
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................110
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................111
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................112
RO
Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
Section 9-1: Two Proportions ................................................................................................115
Section 9-2: Two Means: Independent Samples....................................................................124
Section 9-3: Two Dependent Samples (Matched Pairs) ........................................................130
Section 9-4: Two Variances or Standard Deviations.............................................................134
VE
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................136
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................137
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................138
Chapter 10: Correlation and Regression
D?
Section 10-1: Correlation.......................................................................................................141
Section 10-2: Regression .......................................................................................................148
Section 10-3: Prediction Intervals and Variation...................................................................156
Section 10-4: Multiple Regression.........................................................................................159
Section 10-5: Dummy Variables and Logistic Regression ....................................................161
??
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................162
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................162
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................164
, Chapter 11: Goodness-of-Fit and Contingency Tables
Section 11-1: Goodness-of-Fit...............................................................................................167
Section 11-2: Contingency Tables .........................................................................................170
ST
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................174
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................175
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................176
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance
UV
Section 12-1: One-Way ANOVA ..........................................................................................177
Section 12-2: Two-Way ANOVA .........................................................................................178
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................179
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................180
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................180
IA
Chapter 13: Nonparametric Tests
Section 13-2: Sign Test..........................................................................................................183
Section 13-3: Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs ............................................184
Section 13-4: Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Two Independent samples...............................185
_A
Section 13-5: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Three or More Samples ............................................188
Section 13-6: Rank Correlation .............................................................................................190
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................191
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................192
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................192
PP
Chapter 14: Survival Analysis
Section 14-1: Life Tables.......................................................................................................195
Section 14-2: Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis .....................................................................197
Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................198
RO
Review Exercises ...................................................................................................................199
Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................200
VE
D?
??
