HOSA PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM 2025

HOSA PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM 2025 Absorption - -Process by which a drug enters the circulatory system (blood). Intravenous (IV) & Intra-Arterial - -Administration/Dosage routs that do not require absorption. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, & Elimination... The Pharmacokinetic Process - ADME Addiction - -Dependence characterized by a perceived need to take a drug to attain the psychological & physical effects of mood altering substances. Affinity - -Natural attraction - the strength by which a particular chemical messenger binds to its receptor site on a cell Agonist - -Drug that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter when it binds to a particular receptor site - i.e. & triggers the cell's response in a manner similar to the action of the body's own chemical messenger. Allergen - -Substance of a usually harmless nature that produces an abnormal hypersensitive reaction. Allergic Response - -A hypersensitive reaction to any usually harmless substance that does not normally cause a reaction. Anaphylactic Reaction - -Severe allergic response resulting in immediate life threatening respiratory distress, usually followed by vascular collapse & shock accompanied w/ hives. Angioedema - -Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue. Antagonist - -Drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of a neurotransmitter or another drug when it binds to a particular receptor site. Antigen - -Foreign substance that is recognized by the immune system & induces the immune system to produce antibodies to defend against the foreign substance. Bioavailability - -Degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. HOSA HOSA Blood-Brain Barrier - -Fortified area that prevents many substances from entering the cerebro-spinal fluid from the blood. This area is formed by glial cells that envelope capillaries in the fcentral nervous system. This creates a shield that blocks many water soluble compounds, but is permeable to lipid-soluble substances. Ceiling Effect - -Point @ which no clinical response occurs w/ increased dosage of a drug. Clearance - -Rate @ which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time. Contraindication - -Any disease, condition, or symptom for which a drug will not be beneficial & may be harmful. Dependence - -State in which a person's body has adapted physiologically & psychologically to a drug & cannot function w/o it. Distribution - -Process by which a drug moves from the blood into other body fluids & tissues & ultimately to its site(s) of action. Dose - -Quantity of a drug administered at one time. Drug Abuse - -Use of a drug for purposes other than those prescribed &/or in amounts that were not directed. This is often linked to addiction. Drug Interaction - -When a drug is affected in some way by another drug, foods, or other substances, such as when enzymes that metabolize the drug are induced or inhibited. Drug Interaction Relationship: Addition - -The combined effect of 2 drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. Drug Interaction Relationship: Antagonism - -The action of 1 drug negates the action of a 2nd drug. Drug Interaction Relationship: Potentiation - -1 drug increases or prolongs the action of another drug, & the total effect is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug used alone - drug potency is increased. Drug Interaction Relationship: Synergism - -The combined effect of 2 drugs is more intense or longer in duration than the sum of their individual effects. Drugs that work in combination like this are usually prescribed together. Enzymes, Nucleic Acids, Receptors, & Transport Proteins - -Types of specific body molecules that drugs can combine w/. HOSA HOSA Duration Of Action - -Length of time a drug gives the desired response/remains at the therapeutic level. Elimination - -Removal of a drug or the drugs metabolites from the body by excretion. First-Order - -Drugs for which the rate of elimination is concentration dependent (as opposed to ____ _ _____). First-Pass Effect - -Extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching full body circulation. This can substantially decrease bioavailability of certain drugs when administered orally, in which case administration by injection is required. Half-Life - -Time necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug in the body @ any 1 time (written as T 1/2). Homeostasis - -Maintenance of stability in the internal environment of the body. Induction - -Process by which a drug increases the concentration of certain enzymes that affect the pharmacologic response to other drugs. Inhibition - -Process by which a drug blocks enzyme activity & impairs the metabolism of another drug. Interaction - -Change in the action of a drug caused by another drug, food, or another substance, such as alcohol or nicotine. Lipid - -Fatty molecule - An important constituent of cell membranes; they generally repel water. Local Effect - -Action of a drug that is confined to a specific part of the body. Loading Dose - -Amt of a drug that will bring the blood concentration rapidly to a therapeutic level. Maintenance Dose - -Amt of a drug administered at regular intervals to keep the blood concentration @ a therapeutic level. An important factor in determining this, is a drug's clearance rate. Metabolic Pathway - -Sequence of chemical steps that convert a drug tinto a metabolite. Metabolism - -Process by which drugs are chemically converted to other compounds. Metabolite - -Substance into which a drug is chemically converted in the body. HOSA HOSA Peak - -Top or upper limit of a drug's concentration in the blood. Pharmacokinetic Modeling - -Method of describing the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, & elimination (ADME) of drug w/i the body mathematically. Pharmacokinetics - -Activity of a drug w/i the body over a period of time; includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, & elimination (ADME). Prophylaxis - -Effect of a drug in preventing infection or disease. Pruritus - -Itching Sensation. Receptor - -Protein molecule on the surface of or w/i a cell that recognizes & binds w/ specific molecules, thereby producing some effect w/i the cell. Side Effect - -Secondary response to a drug other than the primary therapeutic effect for which the drug was inteneded. Solubility - -Ability of a drug to dissolve in body fluids. Specificity - -Property of a cell receptor that enables it to bind only w/ a specific chemical messenger complementary to the structure of the receptor. Systemic Effect - -Action of a drug that has generalized - the all-inclusive effect of the drug on the body. Therapeutic Effect - -Desired action of a drug in the treatment of a particular disease , state, or symptom. Therapeutic Level - -Amount of a drug in the blood @ which beneficial effects occur. The amt. of time required to achieve this can be shortened by administering a loading dose. Therapeutic Range - -Optimum Dosage, providing the best chance for achieving the most effective & desired action... Dosing below this range has little effect, while dosing above this level (overdosing) can lead to toxicity & death. Tolerance - -Decrease in response to the effects of a drug as it continues to be administered. Trough - -Lowest level of a drug in the blood. Urticaria - -Hives, itching sensation. HOSA HOSA Volume Of Distribution - -mathematical relationship betw. the blood concentration attained & the amt. of drug administered. Wheals - -Slightly elevated, red areas on the surface of the body. Zero-Order - -Drugs for which the rate of elimination is not concentration dependent (as opposed to _____ _ _____). Blinded investigational drug study - -A research design in which the subjects are purposely unaware of whether the substance they are administered is the drug under study or the placebo. This method serves to eliminate bias on the part of research subjects in reporting their body's responses to investigational drugs. Controlled substances - -Any drugs listed on one of the "schedules" of the Controlled Substance Act (Also called scheduled drugs). Double-blind investigational drug study - -A research design in which both of the investigator(s) and the subjects are purposely unaware of whether the substance administered to a given subject is the drug under study or the placebo. This method eliminates bias on the part of both investigator and the subject. Drug polymorphism - -Variation in response to a drug because of a patient's age, gender, size, and/or body composition. Expedited drug approval - -Acceleration of the usual investigational new drug approval process by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmaceutical companies, usually for drugs used to treat life-threatening diseases. Informed consent - -Written permission obtained from a patient consenting to the performance of a specific procedure (e.g. receiving and investigational drug), after the patient has been given information regarding the procedure deemed necessary for the patient to make a sound or "informed" decision. Investigational new drug (IND) - -A drug not approved for marketing by the FDA but available for use in experiments to determine its safety and efficacy Legend drugs - -Another name for prescription drugs. Narcotic - -Applied to drugs that produced insensibility or stupor, especially the opioids (e.g., morphine, heroin). The term is currently used in clinical settings to refer to and medically administered controlled substance and in legal settings to refer to any illicit or "street" drug. New drug application - -The type of application that a drug manufacturer submits to the FDA following successful completion of required human research studies HOSA HOSA Orphan drugs - -A special category of drugs that have been identified to help or treat patients with rare diseases. Over the counter drugs - -Drugs available to consumers without a prescription. Placebo - -An inactive (inert) substance that is not a drug but is formulated to resemble a drug for research purposes. Drug Legislation - FFDA - -Required drug manufacturers to list on the drug product label the presence of dangerous and possibly addicting substances; recognized the U.S . Pharmacopeia and National Formulary as printed references standards for drugs. Drug Legislation - Sherley Amendment - -Prohibited fraudulent claims for drug products Drug Legislation - Harrison Narcotic act (1914) - -Established the legal term narcotic and regulated the manufacturer and sale of habit forming drugs Drug Legislation - FFDCA - -Required drug manufacturers to provide data proving drug safety with FDA review; established the investigational new drug application process (prompted by sulfanilamide elixir tragedy) Drug Legislation - Controlled Substance Act (1970) - -Established "schedules" for controlled substances; promoted drug addiction education, research, and treatment. Drug Legislation - Accelerated Drug Review Regulations (1991) - -Enabled faster approval by the FDA of drugs to life threatening illnesses (prompted by the HIV/AIDS epidemic) C-I Abuse Potential / Medical Use - -High abuse potential and no medical use C-II Abuse Potential / Medical Use - -High potential for abuse / Accepted medical use C-III Abuse Potential / Medical Use - -++High abuse p