PBH 101 Final Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Graded A+
Describe the links between socioeconomic status and stress. - Answers Low income and
education levels have been shown to be strong predictors of a range of physical and mental
health problems. These health problems may be due to environmental conditions in living and
workspaces, increased levels of stress, lack of access to healthcare, food scarcity or poor
nutrition.
Define health disparities and social justice. - Answers preventable differences in the burden,
disease, injury, violence, or in opportunities to achieve optimal health experienced by socially
disadvantaged racial, ethnic, and other population groups and communities.
populations that most commonly experience health disparities. - Answers Racial and ethnic
minority groups
People with lower socioeconomic status (SES).
Underserved rural communities.
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups.
Define what a stressful job is - Answers Job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and
emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities,
resources, or needs of the worker.
Describe the links between socioeconomic status and lifestyle risk factors for chronic disease. -
Answers individuals with lower income and education had higher rates of chronic disease and
unhealthy behaviors than those with higher income and education.
Describe links between stress and health outcomes - Answers high blood pressure,
heart disease,
stroke,
obesity
and diabetes.
Describe disparities in COVID-19 mortality. - Answers Age: Higher risk for older individuals.
Underlying Health Conditions: Conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity
increase risk.
Race and Ethnicity: Disparities exist, often linked to social determinants of health.
Socioeconomic Status: Lower status may lead to challenges in healthcare access.
,Occupational Exposures: Certain jobs, like healthcare and frontline work, pose
Define epidemiologic transition. - Answers Definition: Long-term shift in patterns of health and
disease in a population.
Describe the three 'ages' of the epidemiologic transition and list them in order. - Answers
Stages:Age of Pestilence and Famine: High mortality from infectious diseases, malnutrition (pre
-modern societies).Age of Receding Pandemics: Decline in infectious diseases due to improved
sanitation, nutrition, and public health.Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases: Rise of non
-communicable diseases (NCDs) like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, linked to lifestyle
factors and aging.
Significance: Helps understand how disease patterns change over time, informing public health
strategies.
List the top three leading causes of death in the U.S. in 1900 and now. - Answers 1900:
Infectious Diseases: Pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis.
Heart Disease: Present but not as prevalent.
Accidents and Unintentional Injuries: Common due to industrial work and unsafe conditions.
Recent Years:
Heart Disease: Continues to be the top cause.
Cancer: Significant impact on mortality.
Unintentional Injuries (Accidents): Evolved, including motor vehicle accidents and drug
overdoses.
Define compression of morbidity. - Answers Definition: A concept in public health where the
goal is to minimize the time spent in a state of illness and disability at the end of life.
Objective: Extend the period of good health and functional capacity, compressing the timeframe
of chronic diseases and disabilities.
Advocacy: Promoted as a desirable outcome, emphasizing both increased lifespan and
healthspan.
Key Factors: Achieved through efforts in preventive healthcare, healthy behaviors, and overall
public health improvements.
atherosclerosis - Answers Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular condition characterized by the
buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) on the inner walls of arteries. Over time, this can lead to the
narrowing and hardening of the arteries, reducing blood flow and potentially causing serious
, complications such as heart attacks and strokes.
Hypertension - Answers Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a medical condition where the
force of blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. It can strain the heart
and blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health problems.
Hypertension is often asymptomatic, emphasizing the importance of regular blood pressure
monitoring.
Differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. - Answers Ischemic Stroke:
Cause: Caused by a blockage or clot that obstructs blood flow to the brain. Result: Reduced
blood supply leads to cell damage or death in the affected brain region. Common Type:
Represents the majority of strokes (about 87%). Risk Factors: Often associated with conditions
like atherosclerosis and hypertension. Treatment: Thrombolytic medications (clot-busting drugs)
or mechanical clot retrieval may be used.
Hemorrhagic Stroke: Cause: Caused by bleeding within or around the brain, often from a
ruptured blood vessel.
Result: Blood leakage can compress surrounding brain tissue, causing damage. Less Common:
Represents a smaller percentage of strokes (about 13%). Risk Factors: Linked to conditions that
weaken blood vessels, like hypertension or aneurysms. Treatment: Requires medical
intervention to control bleeding, sometimes involving surgery.
Identify the leading causes of cancer cases and cancer deaths in men and women. - Answers
Leading Causes of Cancer Cases:
Men:Prostate Cancer, Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer
Women:Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer
Leading Causes of Cancer Deaths:
Men:Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Prostate Cancer
Women:Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer, Colorectal Cancer
key risk factor for prostate cancer. - Answers Age <65
modifiable risk factors for lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. - Answers Lung Cancer:
Smoking: Primary contributor, cessation crucial.
Secondhand Smoke: Avoid exposure to reduce risk.
Occupational Exposures: Minimize exposure to carcinogens.
Describe the links between socioeconomic status and stress. - Answers Low income and
education levels have been shown to be strong predictors of a range of physical and mental
health problems. These health problems may be due to environmental conditions in living and
workspaces, increased levels of stress, lack of access to healthcare, food scarcity or poor
nutrition.
Define health disparities and social justice. - Answers preventable differences in the burden,
disease, injury, violence, or in opportunities to achieve optimal health experienced by socially
disadvantaged racial, ethnic, and other population groups and communities.
populations that most commonly experience health disparities. - Answers Racial and ethnic
minority groups
People with lower socioeconomic status (SES).
Underserved rural communities.
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups.
Define what a stressful job is - Answers Job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and
emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities,
resources, or needs of the worker.
Describe the links between socioeconomic status and lifestyle risk factors for chronic disease. -
Answers individuals with lower income and education had higher rates of chronic disease and
unhealthy behaviors than those with higher income and education.
Describe links between stress and health outcomes - Answers high blood pressure,
heart disease,
stroke,
obesity
and diabetes.
Describe disparities in COVID-19 mortality. - Answers Age: Higher risk for older individuals.
Underlying Health Conditions: Conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity
increase risk.
Race and Ethnicity: Disparities exist, often linked to social determinants of health.
Socioeconomic Status: Lower status may lead to challenges in healthcare access.
,Occupational Exposures: Certain jobs, like healthcare and frontline work, pose
Define epidemiologic transition. - Answers Definition: Long-term shift in patterns of health and
disease in a population.
Describe the three 'ages' of the epidemiologic transition and list them in order. - Answers
Stages:Age of Pestilence and Famine: High mortality from infectious diseases, malnutrition (pre
-modern societies).Age of Receding Pandemics: Decline in infectious diseases due to improved
sanitation, nutrition, and public health.Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases: Rise of non
-communicable diseases (NCDs) like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, linked to lifestyle
factors and aging.
Significance: Helps understand how disease patterns change over time, informing public health
strategies.
List the top three leading causes of death in the U.S. in 1900 and now. - Answers 1900:
Infectious Diseases: Pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis.
Heart Disease: Present but not as prevalent.
Accidents and Unintentional Injuries: Common due to industrial work and unsafe conditions.
Recent Years:
Heart Disease: Continues to be the top cause.
Cancer: Significant impact on mortality.
Unintentional Injuries (Accidents): Evolved, including motor vehicle accidents and drug
overdoses.
Define compression of morbidity. - Answers Definition: A concept in public health where the
goal is to minimize the time spent in a state of illness and disability at the end of life.
Objective: Extend the period of good health and functional capacity, compressing the timeframe
of chronic diseases and disabilities.
Advocacy: Promoted as a desirable outcome, emphasizing both increased lifespan and
healthspan.
Key Factors: Achieved through efforts in preventive healthcare, healthy behaviors, and overall
public health improvements.
atherosclerosis - Answers Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular condition characterized by the
buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) on the inner walls of arteries. Over time, this can lead to the
narrowing and hardening of the arteries, reducing blood flow and potentially causing serious
, complications such as heart attacks and strokes.
Hypertension - Answers Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a medical condition where the
force of blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. It can strain the heart
and blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health problems.
Hypertension is often asymptomatic, emphasizing the importance of regular blood pressure
monitoring.
Differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. - Answers Ischemic Stroke:
Cause: Caused by a blockage or clot that obstructs blood flow to the brain. Result: Reduced
blood supply leads to cell damage or death in the affected brain region. Common Type:
Represents the majority of strokes (about 87%). Risk Factors: Often associated with conditions
like atherosclerosis and hypertension. Treatment: Thrombolytic medications (clot-busting drugs)
or mechanical clot retrieval may be used.
Hemorrhagic Stroke: Cause: Caused by bleeding within or around the brain, often from a
ruptured blood vessel.
Result: Blood leakage can compress surrounding brain tissue, causing damage. Less Common:
Represents a smaller percentage of strokes (about 13%). Risk Factors: Linked to conditions that
weaken blood vessels, like hypertension or aneurysms. Treatment: Requires medical
intervention to control bleeding, sometimes involving surgery.
Identify the leading causes of cancer cases and cancer deaths in men and women. - Answers
Leading Causes of Cancer Cases:
Men:Prostate Cancer, Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer
Women:Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer
Leading Causes of Cancer Deaths:
Men:Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Prostate Cancer
Women:Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer, Colorectal Cancer
key risk factor for prostate cancer. - Answers Age <65
modifiable risk factors for lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. - Answers Lung Cancer:
Smoking: Primary contributor, cessation crucial.
Secondhand Smoke: Avoid exposure to reduce risk.
Occupational Exposures: Minimize exposure to carcinogens.
