NURS 2063 Practice Exam Questions
with Answers
Homeostasis - ✔✔•state of equilibrium or balance within and organism
•Fluids and electrolytes exist within the body, are dynamic in nature, and are maintained in
constant balance, or homeostasis, within the body
fluid volume deficit - ✔✔•Fluid deficit occurs when total body fluid levels (mostly water) are
insufficient to meet the body's needs may also be referred to as dehydration
•Fluid volume deficits may result from vomiting and diarrhea
Fluid Volume Excess - ✔✔•Daily fluid intake should equal the amount of fluid lost
•Third spacing: significant fluid increases in the transcellular compartment, which does not
exchange easily among other ECFs
Types: Edema, Water intoxication
Eukaryote - ✔✔•is any cell or organism that possesses a defined nucleus
Mitochondria - ✔✔•Have own DNA and ribosomes
•Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
what happens When arterial blood pressure decreases - ✔✔•renin is released from the kidneys
and works on angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting it to angiotensin I.
What is the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and
natriuretic peptides - ✔✔Control of fluid and electrolyte balances is maintained
,The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) also assist in - ✔✔•maintaining blood
pressure and intravascular fluid status
What happens when renin converts angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting into
angiotensin I - ✔✔•Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by angiotensin-
converting enzymes
what is the role of Angiotensin II - ✔✔•is a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the
release of aldosterone
What produces Aldosterone - ✔✔Hyopthalamus
What releases Aldosterone and why - ✔✔The adrenal cortex releases and releases in response
to changes in blood osmolality
What is the role of Aldosterone - ✔✔promotes the retention of the sodium and water in the
kidneys, restoring blood volume
directly influences water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys
What may cause Fluid volume deficient - ✔✔•hemorrhage, excessive loss of GI fluids (e.g.,
vomiting, diarrhea).
What are the symptoms of Fluid volume deficient - ✔✔thirst, weight loss, lungs clear to
auscultation, tachycardic.
What may cause fluid volume excess - ✔✔•heart failure, end-stage kidney failure, etc.
, What are the symptoms of Fluid volume excess (FVE) - ✔✔•crackles in the lungs, hypertension,
bounding pulses.
Where is the highest loss of daily fluids - ✔✔in the urinary tract
Osmosis - ✔✔•process which water travels through a selectively permeable membrane so the
concentrations of a substance that is soluble in water (solutes) are the same on both sides of
the membrane. (ex. movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular
compartments).
what type of movement is osmosis - ✔✔Through osmosis water passively moves from an area
of lower particle concentration to an area of higher particle concentration.
Where does Potassium mostly exist in the body - ✔✔•exists predominately in the intracellular
fluid whereas sodium and chloride exists predominately in extracellular fluid.
hypokalemia - ✔✔When potassium levels in the body is less than 3.5 mEq/L
hyperkalemia - ✔✔When potassium levels in the body is greater than 5 mEq/L
Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause - ✔✔cardiac arrhythmias
Hypocalcemia - ✔✔When calcium level is below 8.5 mg/dL
Hypocalcemia can result in - ✔✔•positive Chvostek's sign(contraction of the corner of the
patient's eye and mouth when the facial nerve is tapped gently and positive Trousseau's sign
(spasm of the and hand and wrist [sign of tetany]).
Hyponatremia - ✔✔•<135 mEq/L
with Answers
Homeostasis - ✔✔•state of equilibrium or balance within and organism
•Fluids and electrolytes exist within the body, are dynamic in nature, and are maintained in
constant balance, or homeostasis, within the body
fluid volume deficit - ✔✔•Fluid deficit occurs when total body fluid levels (mostly water) are
insufficient to meet the body's needs may also be referred to as dehydration
•Fluid volume deficits may result from vomiting and diarrhea
Fluid Volume Excess - ✔✔•Daily fluid intake should equal the amount of fluid lost
•Third spacing: significant fluid increases in the transcellular compartment, which does not
exchange easily among other ECFs
Types: Edema, Water intoxication
Eukaryote - ✔✔•is any cell or organism that possesses a defined nucleus
Mitochondria - ✔✔•Have own DNA and ribosomes
•Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
what happens When arterial blood pressure decreases - ✔✔•renin is released from the kidneys
and works on angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting it to angiotensin I.
What is the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and
natriuretic peptides - ✔✔Control of fluid and electrolyte balances is maintained
,The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) also assist in - ✔✔•maintaining blood
pressure and intravascular fluid status
What happens when renin converts angiotensinogen (from the liver), converting into
angiotensin I - ✔✔•Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by angiotensin-
converting enzymes
what is the role of Angiotensin II - ✔✔•is a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the
release of aldosterone
What produces Aldosterone - ✔✔Hyopthalamus
What releases Aldosterone and why - ✔✔The adrenal cortex releases and releases in response
to changes in blood osmolality
What is the role of Aldosterone - ✔✔promotes the retention of the sodium and water in the
kidneys, restoring blood volume
directly influences water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys
What may cause Fluid volume deficient - ✔✔•hemorrhage, excessive loss of GI fluids (e.g.,
vomiting, diarrhea).
What are the symptoms of Fluid volume deficient - ✔✔thirst, weight loss, lungs clear to
auscultation, tachycardic.
What may cause fluid volume excess - ✔✔•heart failure, end-stage kidney failure, etc.
, What are the symptoms of Fluid volume excess (FVE) - ✔✔•crackles in the lungs, hypertension,
bounding pulses.
Where is the highest loss of daily fluids - ✔✔in the urinary tract
Osmosis - ✔✔•process which water travels through a selectively permeable membrane so the
concentrations of a substance that is soluble in water (solutes) are the same on both sides of
the membrane. (ex. movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular
compartments).
what type of movement is osmosis - ✔✔Through osmosis water passively moves from an area
of lower particle concentration to an area of higher particle concentration.
Where does Potassium mostly exist in the body - ✔✔•exists predominately in the intracellular
fluid whereas sodium and chloride exists predominately in extracellular fluid.
hypokalemia - ✔✔When potassium levels in the body is less than 3.5 mEq/L
hyperkalemia - ✔✔When potassium levels in the body is greater than 5 mEq/L
Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause - ✔✔cardiac arrhythmias
Hypocalcemia - ✔✔When calcium level is below 8.5 mg/dL
Hypocalcemia can result in - ✔✔•positive Chvostek's sign(contraction of the corner of the
patient's eye and mouth when the facial nerve is tapped gently and positive Trousseau's sign
(spasm of the and hand and wrist [sign of tetany]).
Hyponatremia - ✔✔•<135 mEq/L
