ARDMS AbDoMen exAM QueStionS
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1. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia - ANSWER ✔ Hormone influence,
second most common benign liver mass, congenital vascular
malformation
Asymptomatic
Hyperechoic or isoechoic well-defined mass, subcapsular location,
hypoechoic central stellate scar, peripheral and central blood flow,
frequently found in the right lobe
2. Hemangiosarcoma - ANSWER ✔ Exposure to polyvinyl, thorotrast,
and arsenic
Abdominal pain, loss of appetite, lethargy
Heterogeneous, hyperechoic mass; cystic mass with internal
septations, Mets to the portal veins, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes,
thyroid and peritoneal cavity, internal blood flow
3. Hepatoblastoma - ANSWER ✔ Germ cell tumor
Most common malignant tumor in children 3 yrs or less
Abdominal distension, nausea/vomiting, weight loss, precocious
puberty, marked elevation of AFP
Heterogeneous, hyperechoic mass; Cystic mass with internal
septation, low-resistance internal blood flow
,4. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma) - ANSWER ✔ Causes:
Cirrhosis, Chronic Hepatitis B
Palpable mass, abdominal pain, weight loss, unexplained fever,
elevated AST, ALT, ALP, Positive alpha-fetoprotein, jaundice
Solid mass with variable echogenicity, may demonstrate a hypoechoic
halo, multiple masses or diffuse infiltrative masses may also be noted,
hepatomegaly, ascites
5. Most common cancer to met to the liver: - ANSWER ✔ Colon
Cancer
6. Renal vein thrombosis - ANSWER ✔ Risk factors: malignancy,
primary renal disease, IVC obstruction, systemic lupus erythematous,
sickle cell disease, amyloidosis, hypercogulate state
Sonographic findings: increase in vein diameter, hypoechoic or
complex echoes within the renal vein, continuous, minimal or absent
intraluminal venous flow, enlarged kidney
7. Acute pyelonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Most renal infections occur via
the ascending route
Ultrasound findings include:
Renal enlargement, hypoechoic parenchyma, absence of sinus echoes
8. Emphysematous pyelonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Bacterial infections
associated with renal ischemia
, Most commonly occuring in diabetics, immunosuppressed patients,
and patients with urinary obstruction
Anerobic bacteria produce gas causing reverberation or comet tail
arftifacts
9. Chronic pyelonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Renal injury due to recurrent
infection
Results from recurrent infections due to anatomic anomalies,
obstructive lesions, vesicoureteral reflux resulting in parenchymal
thinning and renal failure
Sonographically, chronic pyelonephritis leading to end-stage renal
disease, appears as a small, hypoechoic kidney
10. Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Type of
chronic pyelonephritis resulting from chronic infections due to long-
term obstruction
Associated findings:
Renal enlargement**
Parenchymal abscess**
Staghorn calculus***
Papillary necrosis
Hydronephrosis**
Pyonephrosis**
loss of corticomedullary border
cortical thinning
Failure to detect a normal kidney with the presence of a staghorn
calculus is suggests the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatosis
, 11. Pyonephrosis - ANSWER ✔ Prulent material in the collecting
system of the kidney associated with an infection secondary to
obstruction
Ultrasound findings include hyperechoic debris in dilated renal
collecting system
12. Nephrocalcinosis - ANSWER ✔ Disorder of calcium metabolism
that result in the formation of calcium renal stones and deposition of
calcium salts in the renal parenchyma
Hyperechoic medullary pyramids
may demonstrate shadowing
13. Acute tubular necrosis - ANSWER ✔ The most common cause of
medical renal disease or intrinsic (intrarenal) acute renal failure
Results from prolonged ischemia or nephrotoxins (drugs and contrast
agents) causing damage to tubular epithelium of the nephron leading
to acute renal failure
The renal insufficiency that occurs with acute tubular necrosis is
reversible!!!!
Renal enlargement
Increased resistive index
14. Acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Inflammatory response
resulting in glomerular damage caused by autoimmune reaction,
infection, or exposure to toxins
Presenting symptoms: sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria,
azotemia, red bloos cell casts in urine
With CoMplete SolutionS |
AlReADy GRADeD A+ | lAteSt
upDAte 2025 | SuRe to pASS!!
1. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia - ANSWER ✔ Hormone influence,
second most common benign liver mass, congenital vascular
malformation
Asymptomatic
Hyperechoic or isoechoic well-defined mass, subcapsular location,
hypoechoic central stellate scar, peripheral and central blood flow,
frequently found in the right lobe
2. Hemangiosarcoma - ANSWER ✔ Exposure to polyvinyl, thorotrast,
and arsenic
Abdominal pain, loss of appetite, lethargy
Heterogeneous, hyperechoic mass; cystic mass with internal
septations, Mets to the portal veins, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes,
thyroid and peritoneal cavity, internal blood flow
3. Hepatoblastoma - ANSWER ✔ Germ cell tumor
Most common malignant tumor in children 3 yrs or less
Abdominal distension, nausea/vomiting, weight loss, precocious
puberty, marked elevation of AFP
Heterogeneous, hyperechoic mass; Cystic mass with internal
septation, low-resistance internal blood flow
,4. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma) - ANSWER ✔ Causes:
Cirrhosis, Chronic Hepatitis B
Palpable mass, abdominal pain, weight loss, unexplained fever,
elevated AST, ALT, ALP, Positive alpha-fetoprotein, jaundice
Solid mass with variable echogenicity, may demonstrate a hypoechoic
halo, multiple masses or diffuse infiltrative masses may also be noted,
hepatomegaly, ascites
5. Most common cancer to met to the liver: - ANSWER ✔ Colon
Cancer
6. Renal vein thrombosis - ANSWER ✔ Risk factors: malignancy,
primary renal disease, IVC obstruction, systemic lupus erythematous,
sickle cell disease, amyloidosis, hypercogulate state
Sonographic findings: increase in vein diameter, hypoechoic or
complex echoes within the renal vein, continuous, minimal or absent
intraluminal venous flow, enlarged kidney
7. Acute pyelonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Most renal infections occur via
the ascending route
Ultrasound findings include:
Renal enlargement, hypoechoic parenchyma, absence of sinus echoes
8. Emphysematous pyelonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Bacterial infections
associated with renal ischemia
, Most commonly occuring in diabetics, immunosuppressed patients,
and patients with urinary obstruction
Anerobic bacteria produce gas causing reverberation or comet tail
arftifacts
9. Chronic pyelonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Renal injury due to recurrent
infection
Results from recurrent infections due to anatomic anomalies,
obstructive lesions, vesicoureteral reflux resulting in parenchymal
thinning and renal failure
Sonographically, chronic pyelonephritis leading to end-stage renal
disease, appears as a small, hypoechoic kidney
10. Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Type of
chronic pyelonephritis resulting from chronic infections due to long-
term obstruction
Associated findings:
Renal enlargement**
Parenchymal abscess**
Staghorn calculus***
Papillary necrosis
Hydronephrosis**
Pyonephrosis**
loss of corticomedullary border
cortical thinning
Failure to detect a normal kidney with the presence of a staghorn
calculus is suggests the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatosis
, 11. Pyonephrosis - ANSWER ✔ Prulent material in the collecting
system of the kidney associated with an infection secondary to
obstruction
Ultrasound findings include hyperechoic debris in dilated renal
collecting system
12. Nephrocalcinosis - ANSWER ✔ Disorder of calcium metabolism
that result in the formation of calcium renal stones and deposition of
calcium salts in the renal parenchyma
Hyperechoic medullary pyramids
may demonstrate shadowing
13. Acute tubular necrosis - ANSWER ✔ The most common cause of
medical renal disease or intrinsic (intrarenal) acute renal failure
Results from prolonged ischemia or nephrotoxins (drugs and contrast
agents) causing damage to tubular epithelium of the nephron leading
to acute renal failure
The renal insufficiency that occurs with acute tubular necrosis is
reversible!!!!
Renal enlargement
Increased resistive index
14. Acute glomerulonephritis - ANSWER ✔ Inflammatory response
resulting in glomerular damage caused by autoimmune reaction,
infection, or exposure to toxins
Presenting symptoms: sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria,
azotemia, red bloos cell casts in urine
