Menopause Practice Questio
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MCAT 2023
PhasebjDiagrambj-bjanswer--
abjgraphbjshowingbjthebjconditionsbjatbjwhichbjabjsubstancebjexistsbjasbjabjsolid,bjliquid,bjorbjvapor
abjlinebjseparatesbjthebjregionsbjthatbjcorrespondbjtobjthebjsolidbjandbjliquidbjphases.bjForbjmostbjsubstances,bjsincebjthebjs
dbjphasebjisbjdenserbjthanbjthebjliquid,bjthisbjlinebjhasbjabjpositivebjslope.bjThisbjindicatesbjthatbjitbjisbjpossiblebjtobjconvertbjth
liquidbjsubstancebjintobjsolidbjbybjincreasingbjpressure.bjSincebjthebjoppositebjisbjtruebjforbjwater,bjhowever,bjthebjlinebjbetw
enbjthesebjregionsbjhasbjabjnegativebj-bjorbjdownward-tiltingbj-
bjslope.bjThisbjhallmarkbjisbjonebjeasybjwaybjtobjdistinguishbjthebjphasebjdiagrambjofbjwaterbjfrombjthatbjofbjmostbjotherbjcom
unds.
socialbjfacilitationbj-bjanswer--strongerbjresponsesbjonbjsimplebjorbjwell-learnedbjtasksbjinbjthebjpresencebjofbjothers
bystanderbjeffectbj-bjanswer--
thebjtendencybjforbjanybjgivenbjbystanderbjtobjbebjlessbjlikelybjtobjgivebjaidbjifbjotherbjbystandersbjarebjpresent
bystanderbjeffectbjfactorsbj-bjanswer--individualsbjdobjnotbjintervenebjtobjhelpbjvictimsbjwhenbjothersbjarebjpresent
-lessbjlikelybjtobjnoticebjdangerbjinbjcrowds
-takebjcuesbjfrombjothers
-degreebjofbjresponsibilitybjisbjdecreased
-cohesivenessbjofbjgroup
Deindividuationbj-bjanswer--whenbjanbjindividualbjseemsbjtobjlosebjhimselfbjorbjherselfbjinbjthebjgroup'sbjidentity
socialbjloafingbj-bjanswer--
thebjtendencybjforbjpeoplebjinbjabjgroupbjtobjexertbjlessbjeffortbjwhenbjpoolingbjtheirbjeffortsbjtowardbjattainingbjabjcommonbjg
albjthanbjwhenbjindividuallybjaccountable
groupbjpolarizationbj-bjanswer--
thebjenhancementbjofbjabjgroup'sbjprevailingbjinclinationsbjthroughbjdiscussionbjwithinbjthebjgroup.bjdoesn'tbjhavebjtobjbebj
ational.
normativebjsocialbjinfluencebj-bjanswer--
behaviorbjthatbjisbjmotivatedbjbybjthebjdesirebjtobjgainbjsocialbjacceptancebjandbjapproval
informationalbjsocialbjinfluencebj-bjanswer--
influencebjresultingbjfrombjone'sbjwillingnessbjtobjacceptbjothers'bjopinionsbjaboutbjreality
Groupthinkbj-bjanswer--thebjmodebjofbjthinkingbjthatbjoccursbjwhenbjthebjdesirebjforbjharmonybjinbjabjdecision-
makingbjgroupbjoverridesbjabjrealisticbjappraisalbjofbjalternatives.bjleadsbjtobjirrationalbjdecisionsbjbybjabjgroup.
characteristicsbjofbjgroupbjthinkbj-bjanswer--
invulnerability,bjrationalization,bjlackbjofbjintrospection,bjstereotyping,bjpressure,bjlackbjofbjdisagreement,bjself-
deception,bjinsularity
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IrvingbjJanisbjandbjgroupthinkbj-bjanswer--
membersbjofbjabjgroupbjarebjsobjdrivenbjtobjreachbjunanimousbjdecisionsbjthatbjtheybjnobjlongerbjtrulybjevaluatebjthebjconse
uencesbjofbjtheirbjdecisions
occursbjwhenbjthebjgroupsbjmakingbjdecisionbjarebjisolatedbjandbjhomogeneous,bjtherebjisbjabjlackbjofbjimpartialbjleadersh
jinsidebjorbjoutsidebjthebjgorup,bjwhenbjtherebjisbjabjhighbjlevelbjofbjpressurebjforbjabjdecisionbjtobjbebjmade
Conformitybj-bjanswer--
whenbjsomeone'sbjbehavior,bjbeliefs,bjorbjthinkingbjchangesbjtobjlinebjupbjwithbjthebjperspectivebjofbjothers
compliancebj-bjanswer--whenbjthebjpersonbjconformsbjbutbjinternallybjdissents
Conversionbj-bjanswer--genuinebjchangebjinbjsomeone'sbjbeliefs
AschbjExperimentbj-bjanswer--
experimentedbjhowbjpeoplebjwouldbjratherbjconformbjthanbjstatebjtheirbjownbjindividualbjanswerbjevenbjthoughbjtheybjknow
hebjgroup'sbjanswerbjisbjwrong,bjlengthbjofbjlines
compliancebj(requests)bj-bjanswer--responsesbjtobjrequestsbjfrombjsomeonebjwithbjnobjpowerbjtobjenforcebjthatbjrequest.
foot-in-the-doorbjtechniquebj-bjanswer--
askingbjforbjabjsmallbjcommitmentbjand,bjafterbjgainingbjcompliance,bjaskingbjforbjabjbiggerbjcommitment
door-in-the-facebjtechniquebj-bjanswer--
askingbjforbjabjlargebjcommitmentbjandbjbeingbjrefusedbjandbjthenbjaskingbjforbjabjsmallerbjcommitment
low-ballbjtechniquebj-bjanswer--
persuasivebjtechniquebjinbjwhichbjthebjsellerbjofbjabjproductbjstartsbjbybjquotingbjabjlowbjsalesbjpricebjandbjthenbjmentionsbja
ofbjthebjadd-onbjcostsbjoncebjthebjcustomerbjhasbjagreedbjtobjpurchasebjthebjproduct
obidiencebj-bjanswer--changingbjone'sbjbehaviorbjatbjthebjcommandbjofbjanbjauthoritybjfigure
MilgrambjExperimentbj-bjanswer--
anbjexperimentbjdevisedbjinbj1961bjbybjStanleybjMilgram,bjabjpsychologistbjatbjYalebjUniversity,bjtobjseebjhowbjfarbjordinary
eoplebjwouldbjgobjtobjobeybjabjscientificbjauthoritybjfigurebjwithbjgivingbjelectricbjshocks
StanfordbjPrisonbjExperimentbj(Zimbardo)bj-bjanswer--
classicbj"experiment"bjwherebjindividualsbjwerebjassignedbjtobjbebjguardsbj/bjprisoners.bjw/
inbjdaysbjtheybjtookbjonbjtheirbjrolesbjandbjwentbjtoobjfar.bjHighlybjunethical
socialbjnormsbj-bjanswer--
rules,bjspokenbjorbjunspoken,bjthatbjregulatebjbehavior,bjbeliefs,bjattitudes,bjandbjvaluesbjofbjmembersbjofbjsociety
socialbjcontrolbj-bjanswer--thebjwaybjnormsbjarebjtaught,bjenforced,bjandbjperpetuated
deviancebj-bjanswer--whenbjsomeonebjdoesn'tbjfollowbjabjnorm
formalbjvsbjinformalbjnormsbj-bjanswer--Formal:bj
-generallybjwrittenbjdown,bjlikebj*laws*
-preciselybjdefined,bjpubliclybjpresentedbjandbjhavebjstrictbjpenaltiesbjforbjviolators
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informal:bjgenerallybjunderstoodbjbutbjlessbjprecisebjandbjcarrybjnobjspecificbjpunishment
Folkwaysbj-bjanswer--
insignificantbjinformalbjnormsbjthatbjinvolvebjsmallbjdetails,bjviolatingbjthembjdoesbjnotbjcausebjtoobjmuchbjofbjabjproblem,bj
ample:bjfashion,bjwearingbjsocksbjwithbjsandals
moresbj-bjanswer--
informalbjnorms,bjwhichbjincurbjseverebjdisapprovalbjwhenbjviolated.bjex:bjcheatingbjonbjromanticbjpartner
taboosbj-bjanswer--
evenbjmorebjrestrictivebjnormsbjthatbjgeneratebjextremebjdisapproval.bjEx:bjcannabalism,bjincest.bjDrivenbjbybjculture.bjS
mebjarebjforbiddenbjbybjlawbjandbjsomebjaren't.
Anomiebj-bjanswer--
Refersbjtobjsituationbjwherebjtherebjisbjabjpoorbjmatchbjbetweenbjsociety'sbjstatedbjnormsbjandbjthebjnormsbjthatbjanbjindivid
albjrespondsbjto
sanctionsbj-bjanswer--
punishmentbjorbjnegativebjconsequencesbjforbjviolatingbjabjsocialbjnorm.bjRewardsbjforbjfollowingbjsocialbjnorm.
addingbjabjsolutebjtobjwaterbjwillbj-----bjbpbjandbj-----bjmp,bj-bjanswer--increase;bjlower
differentialbjassociationbjtheorybj-bjanswer--
theorybjthatbjindividualsbjlearnbjdeviancebjinbjproportionbjtobjnumberbjofbjdeviantbjactsbjtheybjarebjexposedbjto,bjandbjdevia
ebjisbjlearnedbjsocially,bjdrawsbjfrombjsymbolicbjinteractionism
labelingbjapproachbj-bjanswer--focusesbjonbjhowbjbehaviorbjisbjaffectedbjbybjbeingbjlabeledbjasbjabjdeviant.
PrimarybjDeviancebj(LabelingbjTheory)bj-bjanswer--thebjinitialbjactbjorbjattitudebjthatbjcausesbjonebjtobjbebjlabeledbjdeviant
secondarybjdeviancebj(labelingbjtheory)bj-bjanswer--
subsequentbjactsbjofbjrulebjbreakingbjthatbjoccurbjafterbjprimarybjdeviancebjandbjasbjabjresultbjofbjyourbjnew,bjdeviantbjlabel
hebjstigmabjattachedbjtobjitbjandbjpeople'sbjexpectationsbjofbjyou
strainbjtheorybj-bjanswer--
focusesbjonbjthebjrolebjofbjsocialbjandbjeconomicbjpressuresbjtowardsbjdeviance.bjSaysbjthatbjsomebjpeoplebjwouldbjcomm
crimebjunderbjstrainingbjconditions.
Socializationbj-bjanswer--howbjwebjlearnbjinformalbjandbjformalbjnormsbjbybjinteractingbjwithbjotherbjpeoplebjandbjinsitution
agentsbjofbjsocializationbj-bjanswer--family,bjeducationbjsystem,bjmassbjmedia,bjpeers,bjworkplace
Fadsbj-bjanswer--abjnewbjbehaviorbjthatbjsuddenlybjbecomesbjextremelybjpopular,bjthenbjfades
massbjhysteriabj-bjanswer--irrationalbjfearbjofbjabjperceivedbjthreat,bjvergingbjonbjthebjpointbjofbjabjcollectivebjdelusion
riotsbj-bjanswer--
characterizedbjbybjlargebj#bjofbjpeoplebjwhobjengagebjinbjdangerousbjbehavior,bjsuchbjasbjvandalism,bjviolence,bjorbjother
imes.bjDeindividation,bjlossbjofbjselfbjidentity,bjoccurs.bjOftenbjviolentbjandbjtargetedbjagainstbjanbjestablishedbjinstitutionb
bjauthoritybjfigure.
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peerbjpressurebj-bjanswer--influencebjfrombjmembersbjofbjone'sbjpeerbjgroup.
Anaerobicbj-bjanswer--Processbjthatbjdoesbjnotbjrequirebjoxygen
Halophilesbj-bjanswer--"salt-loving"bjarchaeabjthatbjlivebjinbjenvironmentsbjthatbjhavebjverybjhighbjsaltbjconcentrations
WhatbjtobjthebjnumbersbjonbjthebjbottombjofbjthebjElementbjonbjMCATbjPeriodicbjtablebjmean?bj-bjanswer--
thebjmolarbjmassbjofbjthebjelementbjinbj*grams/mol*
Howbjmanybjgramsbjarebjinbjabjkilogram?bj-bjanswer--1000
Whatbjisbjmolarity?bj-bjanswer--mol/L
Abjmolebj-bjanswer--abjnumberbjofbjitemsbjequalbjtobjAvogadro'sbjnumberbj(6.02bj×bj1023)
abj1bjMbjsolutionbjofbjglucosebjcontainsbj-bjanswer--6.02bj×bj1023bjmoleculesbjofbjglucosebjinbjeachbjliterbjofbjsolution.
millimolarbj(mM)bj-bjanswer--10^-3bjM
micromolarbj(µM)bj-bjanswer--10^-6bjM
nanomolarbj(nM)bj-bjanswer--10^-9bjM
Ifbjabjpersonbjdrankbjabjlargebjquantitybjofbjhypersalinebjoceanbjwater,bjthebjpersonbjcouldbjdiebjbecausebjabsorptionbjofbjsa
ntobjthebjbloodbjwillbjcausebjitbjtobjbecome:bj-bjanswer--
hypertonicbjcomparedbjwithbjthebjcytosolbjofbjthebjbody'sbjcells,bjcausingbjosmosisbjofbjwaterbjoutbjofbjthebjcells.
DoesbjNaClbjreadilybjdiffusebjthroughbjthebjphospholipidbjbilayer?bjWhatbjdoesbjandbjwhy?bj-bjanswer--
No,bjbutbjwaterbjdoes,bjthroughbjosmosisbjwhichbjestablishesbjisotonicbjsolutionbjonbjbothbjsidebjofbjthebjmembrane
simplebjdiffusionbj-bjanswer--
movementbjofbjabjsolutebjfrombjanbjareabjofbjhighbjconcentrationbjtobjanbjareabjofbjlowbjconcentration
whatbjmoleculesbjcanbjsimplybjdiffusebjacrossbjthebjcellbjmembrane?bj-bjanswer--
smallbjorbjnonpolar,bjexamplesbjincludingbjgasesbjsuchbjasbjoxygenbjandbjcarbonbjdioxide.bjWaterbjisbjsmallbjenoughbjtobjs
mebjextentbjsuchbjasbjwhenbjwaterbjcanbjdiffusebjthroughbjthebjmembranebjbutbjotherbjsolutesbjcannot
Aquaporinsbj-bjanswer--
Abjtransportbjproteinbjinbjthebjplasmabjmembranebjofbjabjplantbjorbjanimalbjcellbjthatbjspecificallybjfacilitatesbjthebjdiffusionbjo
waterbjacrossbjthebjmembrane
Whatbjorganbjhasbjabjlotbjofbjaquaporins?bj-bjanswer--Kidneys,bjcollectingbjductsbjofbjnephrons
Hypertonicbj-bjanswer--whenbjcomparingbjtwobjsolutions,bjthebjsolutionbjwithbjthebjgreaterbjconcentrationbjofbjsolutes
Abjcellbjinbjabjhypertonicbjsolutionbjwillbj-bjanswer--shrinkbjandbjlosebjwater
abjcellbjinbjabjhypotonicbjsolutionbj-bjanswer---Gainsbjwater,bjwaterbjtravelsbjfrombjenvironmentbjintobjcell
-Rupturesbjorbjlysebj(hemolysisbjofbjredbjbloodbjcells)
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MCAT 2023
PhasebjDiagrambj-bjanswer--
abjgraphbjshowingbjthebjconditionsbjatbjwhichbjabjsubstancebjexistsbjasbjabjsolid,bjliquid,bjorbjvapor
abjlinebjseparatesbjthebjregionsbjthatbjcorrespondbjtobjthebjsolidbjandbjliquidbjphases.bjForbjmostbjsubstances,bjsincebjthebjs
dbjphasebjisbjdenserbjthanbjthebjliquid,bjthisbjlinebjhasbjabjpositivebjslope.bjThisbjindicatesbjthatbjitbjisbjpossiblebjtobjconvertbjth
liquidbjsubstancebjintobjsolidbjbybjincreasingbjpressure.bjSincebjthebjoppositebjisbjtruebjforbjwater,bjhowever,bjthebjlinebjbetw
enbjthesebjregionsbjhasbjabjnegativebj-bjorbjdownward-tiltingbj-
bjslope.bjThisbjhallmarkbjisbjonebjeasybjwaybjtobjdistinguishbjthebjphasebjdiagrambjofbjwaterbjfrombjthatbjofbjmostbjotherbjcom
unds.
socialbjfacilitationbj-bjanswer--strongerbjresponsesbjonbjsimplebjorbjwell-learnedbjtasksbjinbjthebjpresencebjofbjothers
bystanderbjeffectbj-bjanswer--
thebjtendencybjforbjanybjgivenbjbystanderbjtobjbebjlessbjlikelybjtobjgivebjaidbjifbjotherbjbystandersbjarebjpresent
bystanderbjeffectbjfactorsbj-bjanswer--individualsbjdobjnotbjintervenebjtobjhelpbjvictimsbjwhenbjothersbjarebjpresent
-lessbjlikelybjtobjnoticebjdangerbjinbjcrowds
-takebjcuesbjfrombjothers
-degreebjofbjresponsibilitybjisbjdecreased
-cohesivenessbjofbjgroup
Deindividuationbj-bjanswer--whenbjanbjindividualbjseemsbjtobjlosebjhimselfbjorbjherselfbjinbjthebjgroup'sbjidentity
socialbjloafingbj-bjanswer--
thebjtendencybjforbjpeoplebjinbjabjgroupbjtobjexertbjlessbjeffortbjwhenbjpoolingbjtheirbjeffortsbjtowardbjattainingbjabjcommonbjg
albjthanbjwhenbjindividuallybjaccountable
groupbjpolarizationbj-bjanswer--
thebjenhancementbjofbjabjgroup'sbjprevailingbjinclinationsbjthroughbjdiscussionbjwithinbjthebjgroup.bjdoesn'tbjhavebjtobjbebj
ational.
normativebjsocialbjinfluencebj-bjanswer--
behaviorbjthatbjisbjmotivatedbjbybjthebjdesirebjtobjgainbjsocialbjacceptancebjandbjapproval
informationalbjsocialbjinfluencebj-bjanswer--
influencebjresultingbjfrombjone'sbjwillingnessbjtobjacceptbjothers'bjopinionsbjaboutbjreality
Groupthinkbj-bjanswer--thebjmodebjofbjthinkingbjthatbjoccursbjwhenbjthebjdesirebjforbjharmonybjinbjabjdecision-
makingbjgroupbjoverridesbjabjrealisticbjappraisalbjofbjalternatives.bjleadsbjtobjirrationalbjdecisionsbjbybjabjgroup.
characteristicsbjofbjgroupbjthinkbj-bjanswer--
invulnerability,bjrationalization,bjlackbjofbjintrospection,bjstereotyping,bjpressure,bjlackbjofbjdisagreement,bjself-
deception,bjinsularity
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IrvingbjJanisbjandbjgroupthinkbj-bjanswer--
membersbjofbjabjgroupbjarebjsobjdrivenbjtobjreachbjunanimousbjdecisionsbjthatbjtheybjnobjlongerbjtrulybjevaluatebjthebjconse
uencesbjofbjtheirbjdecisions
occursbjwhenbjthebjgroupsbjmakingbjdecisionbjarebjisolatedbjandbjhomogeneous,bjtherebjisbjabjlackbjofbjimpartialbjleadersh
jinsidebjorbjoutsidebjthebjgorup,bjwhenbjtherebjisbjabjhighbjlevelbjofbjpressurebjforbjabjdecisionbjtobjbebjmade
Conformitybj-bjanswer--
whenbjsomeone'sbjbehavior,bjbeliefs,bjorbjthinkingbjchangesbjtobjlinebjupbjwithbjthebjperspectivebjofbjothers
compliancebj-bjanswer--whenbjthebjpersonbjconformsbjbutbjinternallybjdissents
Conversionbj-bjanswer--genuinebjchangebjinbjsomeone'sbjbeliefs
AschbjExperimentbj-bjanswer--
experimentedbjhowbjpeoplebjwouldbjratherbjconformbjthanbjstatebjtheirbjownbjindividualbjanswerbjevenbjthoughbjtheybjknow
hebjgroup'sbjanswerbjisbjwrong,bjlengthbjofbjlines
compliancebj(requests)bj-bjanswer--responsesbjtobjrequestsbjfrombjsomeonebjwithbjnobjpowerbjtobjenforcebjthatbjrequest.
foot-in-the-doorbjtechniquebj-bjanswer--
askingbjforbjabjsmallbjcommitmentbjand,bjafterbjgainingbjcompliance,bjaskingbjforbjabjbiggerbjcommitment
door-in-the-facebjtechniquebj-bjanswer--
askingbjforbjabjlargebjcommitmentbjandbjbeingbjrefusedbjandbjthenbjaskingbjforbjabjsmallerbjcommitment
low-ballbjtechniquebj-bjanswer--
persuasivebjtechniquebjinbjwhichbjthebjsellerbjofbjabjproductbjstartsbjbybjquotingbjabjlowbjsalesbjpricebjandbjthenbjmentionsbja
ofbjthebjadd-onbjcostsbjoncebjthebjcustomerbjhasbjagreedbjtobjpurchasebjthebjproduct
obidiencebj-bjanswer--changingbjone'sbjbehaviorbjatbjthebjcommandbjofbjanbjauthoritybjfigure
MilgrambjExperimentbj-bjanswer--
anbjexperimentbjdevisedbjinbj1961bjbybjStanleybjMilgram,bjabjpsychologistbjatbjYalebjUniversity,bjtobjseebjhowbjfarbjordinary
eoplebjwouldbjgobjtobjobeybjabjscientificbjauthoritybjfigurebjwithbjgivingbjelectricbjshocks
StanfordbjPrisonbjExperimentbj(Zimbardo)bj-bjanswer--
classicbj"experiment"bjwherebjindividualsbjwerebjassignedbjtobjbebjguardsbj/bjprisoners.bjw/
inbjdaysbjtheybjtookbjonbjtheirbjrolesbjandbjwentbjtoobjfar.bjHighlybjunethical
socialbjnormsbj-bjanswer--
rules,bjspokenbjorbjunspoken,bjthatbjregulatebjbehavior,bjbeliefs,bjattitudes,bjandbjvaluesbjofbjmembersbjofbjsociety
socialbjcontrolbj-bjanswer--thebjwaybjnormsbjarebjtaught,bjenforced,bjandbjperpetuated
deviancebj-bjanswer--whenbjsomeonebjdoesn'tbjfollowbjabjnorm
formalbjvsbjinformalbjnormsbj-bjanswer--Formal:bj
-generallybjwrittenbjdown,bjlikebj*laws*
-preciselybjdefined,bjpubliclybjpresentedbjandbjhavebjstrictbjpenaltiesbjforbjviolators
2bj/
bj48
, Menopause Practice Questio
bj bj
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informal:bjgenerallybjunderstoodbjbutbjlessbjprecisebjandbjcarrybjnobjspecificbjpunishment
Folkwaysbj-bjanswer--
insignificantbjinformalbjnormsbjthatbjinvolvebjsmallbjdetails,bjviolatingbjthembjdoesbjnotbjcausebjtoobjmuchbjofbjabjproblem,bj
ample:bjfashion,bjwearingbjsocksbjwithbjsandals
moresbj-bjanswer--
informalbjnorms,bjwhichbjincurbjseverebjdisapprovalbjwhenbjviolated.bjex:bjcheatingbjonbjromanticbjpartner
taboosbj-bjanswer--
evenbjmorebjrestrictivebjnormsbjthatbjgeneratebjextremebjdisapproval.bjEx:bjcannabalism,bjincest.bjDrivenbjbybjculture.bjS
mebjarebjforbiddenbjbybjlawbjandbjsomebjaren't.
Anomiebj-bjanswer--
Refersbjtobjsituationbjwherebjtherebjisbjabjpoorbjmatchbjbetweenbjsociety'sbjstatedbjnormsbjandbjthebjnormsbjthatbjanbjindivid
albjrespondsbjto
sanctionsbj-bjanswer--
punishmentbjorbjnegativebjconsequencesbjforbjviolatingbjabjsocialbjnorm.bjRewardsbjforbjfollowingbjsocialbjnorm.
addingbjabjsolutebjtobjwaterbjwillbj-----bjbpbjandbj-----bjmp,bj-bjanswer--increase;bjlower
differentialbjassociationbjtheorybj-bjanswer--
theorybjthatbjindividualsbjlearnbjdeviancebjinbjproportionbjtobjnumberbjofbjdeviantbjactsbjtheybjarebjexposedbjto,bjandbjdevia
ebjisbjlearnedbjsocially,bjdrawsbjfrombjsymbolicbjinteractionism
labelingbjapproachbj-bjanswer--focusesbjonbjhowbjbehaviorbjisbjaffectedbjbybjbeingbjlabeledbjasbjabjdeviant.
PrimarybjDeviancebj(LabelingbjTheory)bj-bjanswer--thebjinitialbjactbjorbjattitudebjthatbjcausesbjonebjtobjbebjlabeledbjdeviant
secondarybjdeviancebj(labelingbjtheory)bj-bjanswer--
subsequentbjactsbjofbjrulebjbreakingbjthatbjoccurbjafterbjprimarybjdeviancebjandbjasbjabjresultbjofbjyourbjnew,bjdeviantbjlabel
hebjstigmabjattachedbjtobjitbjandbjpeople'sbjexpectationsbjofbjyou
strainbjtheorybj-bjanswer--
focusesbjonbjthebjrolebjofbjsocialbjandbjeconomicbjpressuresbjtowardsbjdeviance.bjSaysbjthatbjsomebjpeoplebjwouldbjcomm
crimebjunderbjstrainingbjconditions.
Socializationbj-bjanswer--howbjwebjlearnbjinformalbjandbjformalbjnormsbjbybjinteractingbjwithbjotherbjpeoplebjandbjinsitution
agentsbjofbjsocializationbj-bjanswer--family,bjeducationbjsystem,bjmassbjmedia,bjpeers,bjworkplace
Fadsbj-bjanswer--abjnewbjbehaviorbjthatbjsuddenlybjbecomesbjextremelybjpopular,bjthenbjfades
massbjhysteriabj-bjanswer--irrationalbjfearbjofbjabjperceivedbjthreat,bjvergingbjonbjthebjpointbjofbjabjcollectivebjdelusion
riotsbj-bjanswer--
characterizedbjbybjlargebj#bjofbjpeoplebjwhobjengagebjinbjdangerousbjbehavior,bjsuchbjasbjvandalism,bjviolence,bjorbjother
imes.bjDeindividation,bjlossbjofbjselfbjidentity,bjoccurs.bjOftenbjviolentbjandbjtargetedbjagainstbjanbjestablishedbjinstitutionb
bjauthoritybjfigure.
3bj/
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peerbjpressurebj-bjanswer--influencebjfrombjmembersbjofbjone'sbjpeerbjgroup.
Anaerobicbj-bjanswer--Processbjthatbjdoesbjnotbjrequirebjoxygen
Halophilesbj-bjanswer--"salt-loving"bjarchaeabjthatbjlivebjinbjenvironmentsbjthatbjhavebjverybjhighbjsaltbjconcentrations
WhatbjtobjthebjnumbersbjonbjthebjbottombjofbjthebjElementbjonbjMCATbjPeriodicbjtablebjmean?bj-bjanswer--
thebjmolarbjmassbjofbjthebjelementbjinbj*grams/mol*
Howbjmanybjgramsbjarebjinbjabjkilogram?bj-bjanswer--1000
Whatbjisbjmolarity?bj-bjanswer--mol/L
Abjmolebj-bjanswer--abjnumberbjofbjitemsbjequalbjtobjAvogadro'sbjnumberbj(6.02bj×bj1023)
abj1bjMbjsolutionbjofbjglucosebjcontainsbj-bjanswer--6.02bj×bj1023bjmoleculesbjofbjglucosebjinbjeachbjliterbjofbjsolution.
millimolarbj(mM)bj-bjanswer--10^-3bjM
micromolarbj(µM)bj-bjanswer--10^-6bjM
nanomolarbj(nM)bj-bjanswer--10^-9bjM
Ifbjabjpersonbjdrankbjabjlargebjquantitybjofbjhypersalinebjoceanbjwater,bjthebjpersonbjcouldbjdiebjbecausebjabsorptionbjofbjsa
ntobjthebjbloodbjwillbjcausebjitbjtobjbecome:bj-bjanswer--
hypertonicbjcomparedbjwithbjthebjcytosolbjofbjthebjbody'sbjcells,bjcausingbjosmosisbjofbjwaterbjoutbjofbjthebjcells.
DoesbjNaClbjreadilybjdiffusebjthroughbjthebjphospholipidbjbilayer?bjWhatbjdoesbjandbjwhy?bj-bjanswer--
No,bjbutbjwaterbjdoes,bjthroughbjosmosisbjwhichbjestablishesbjisotonicbjsolutionbjonbjbothbjsidebjofbjthebjmembrane
simplebjdiffusionbj-bjanswer--
movementbjofbjabjsolutebjfrombjanbjareabjofbjhighbjconcentrationbjtobjanbjareabjofbjlowbjconcentration
whatbjmoleculesbjcanbjsimplybjdiffusebjacrossbjthebjcellbjmembrane?bj-bjanswer--
smallbjorbjnonpolar,bjexamplesbjincludingbjgasesbjsuchbjasbjoxygenbjandbjcarbonbjdioxide.bjWaterbjisbjsmallbjenoughbjtobjs
mebjextentbjsuchbjasbjwhenbjwaterbjcanbjdiffusebjthroughbjthebjmembranebjbutbjotherbjsolutesbjcannot
Aquaporinsbj-bjanswer--
Abjtransportbjproteinbjinbjthebjplasmabjmembranebjofbjabjplantbjorbjanimalbjcellbjthatbjspecificallybjfacilitatesbjthebjdiffusionbjo
waterbjacrossbjthebjmembrane
Whatbjorganbjhasbjabjlotbjofbjaquaporins?bj-bjanswer--Kidneys,bjcollectingbjductsbjofbjnephrons
Hypertonicbj-bjanswer--whenbjcomparingbjtwobjsolutions,bjthebjsolutionbjwithbjthebjgreaterbjconcentrationbjofbjsolutes
Abjcellbjinbjabjhypertonicbjsolutionbjwillbj-bjanswer--shrinkbjandbjlosebjwater
abjcellbjinbjabjhypotonicbjsolutionbj-bjanswer---Gainsbjwater,bjwaterbjtravelsbjfrombjenvironmentbjintobjcell
-Rupturesbjorbjlysebj(hemolysisbjofbjredbjbloodbjcells)
4bj/
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