BIOCHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LIVING
WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED
phosphatase - ANSWER enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate
According to the information in the passage, which statement best describes the function of
the MR in response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system? The MR:
"Blood flow to the brain is regulated by changes in arterial vessel diameter in response to
intravascular pressure, a process called the myogenic response (MR). The MR allows cerebral
resistance vessels to achieve a state of partial constriction, from which they can dilate or
further constrict to alter blood flow."
A) equalizes blood pressure in cerebral resistance arteries and the aorta.
B) moderates blood flow to the brain under high pressure.
C) enables cerebral resistance arteries to locally vasodilate.
D) redirects blood circulating in the brain to organs in the abdominal cavity. -
ANSWER B) moderates blood flow to the brain under high pressure.
The answer to this question is B because the MR is a local response in resistance vessels that
would slow blood flow to the brain to reduce the chance of tissue damage from high blood
pressure resulting from activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
The polymerization of which structural component was analyzed in the experiment
described in the passage? (Actin polymerization)
A) Microtubules
B) Microfilaments
C) Intermediate filaments
D) Thick filaments - ANSWER B) Microfilaments
1
,The answer to this question is B because microfilaments are composed of actin.
Which amino acid is LEAST likely found in one of the transmembrane domains of GPCR43?
A) Asp
B) Gly
C) Trp
D) Phe - ANSWER A) Asp
The answer to this question is A because aspartate (Asp) has a negatively charged R group
and is very hydrophilic.
Compared to untreated WT mice, antibiotic treatment of WT mice is likely to result in:
A) increased plasma butyrate levels.
B) decreased body mass.
C) increased volume of adipocytes.
D) decreased insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. - ANSWER C) increased volume of
adipocytes
The answer to this question is C because if SCFA producing microbes were removed by
antibiotic treatment, then GPCR43 would not be activated to reduce glucose uptake into
adipocytes.
Which amino acid contains an unbranched alkyl side chain?
A) Ala
B) Ile
C) Leu
D) Val - ANSWER A) Ala
2
,The answer to this item is A since alanine contains a methyl side chain, which is not
considered a branched alkane.
The stereochemical designators α and β distinguish between:
A) enantiomers at an epimeric carbon atom.
B) enantiomers at an anomeric carbon atom.
C) epimers at an anomeric carbon atom.
D) epimers at a non-anomeric carbon atom. - ANSWER C) epimers at an anomeric
carbon atom.
The answer to this item is C since the D versus L designation distinguishes between
molecules with multiple chiral centers, but differ only in the configuration of the site known
as the anomeric carbon atom.
Which ideal solution exhibits the greatest osmotic pressure?
A) 0.1 M MgCl2
B) 0.2 M NaCl
C) 0.2 M CaCl2
D) 0.5 M Glucose - ANSWER C) 0.2 M CaCl2
The answer to this question is C because the solution listed has the greatest concentration of
solute particles. CaCl2 dissociates into three ions, making the solution listed 0.6 M in solute
particles.
Which event is directly mediated by a ligand-gated ion channel?
A) Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber to initiate muscle
contraction
3
, B) Influx of Na+ across the axon membrane of a somatic neuron during action potential
propagation
C) Influx of Na+ across the motor end plate resulting in the depolarization of the muscle
fiber membrane
D) Re-entry of Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber to end muscle
contraction - ANSWER C) Influx of Na+ across the motor end plate resulting in the
depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane
The answer to this question is C because the influx of Na+ across the motor end plate occurs
when Na+ ion channels bind the ligand acetylcholine.
Southern blot - ANSWER A Southern blot uses a restriction digest to differentiate
between mutant and wild-type alleles. In order for a Southern blot to be useful, the
mutation should either create or eliminate a restriction site, most of which are palindromes
and 4 to 6 base pairs long.
The mutation shown in this option is the only one that disrupts a palindromic sequence,
AAGCTT. This sequence is the recognition sequence for HindIII.
What bond is cleaved by IN during the first reaction of integration?
"Upon binding, IN catalyzes cleavage of a GT dinucleotide from each 3 PRIME vDNA
terminus"
A) P-C
B) P-P
C) P-H
D) P-O - ANSWER D) P-O
The answer to this question is D because in the first reaction of integration, integrase
cleaves a dinucleotide from the 3' end of a strand of viral DNA.
4
WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED
phosphatase - ANSWER enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate
According to the information in the passage, which statement best describes the function of
the MR in response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system? The MR:
"Blood flow to the brain is regulated by changes in arterial vessel diameter in response to
intravascular pressure, a process called the myogenic response (MR). The MR allows cerebral
resistance vessels to achieve a state of partial constriction, from which they can dilate or
further constrict to alter blood flow."
A) equalizes blood pressure in cerebral resistance arteries and the aorta.
B) moderates blood flow to the brain under high pressure.
C) enables cerebral resistance arteries to locally vasodilate.
D) redirects blood circulating in the brain to organs in the abdominal cavity. -
ANSWER B) moderates blood flow to the brain under high pressure.
The answer to this question is B because the MR is a local response in resistance vessels that
would slow blood flow to the brain to reduce the chance of tissue damage from high blood
pressure resulting from activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
The polymerization of which structural component was analyzed in the experiment
described in the passage? (Actin polymerization)
A) Microtubules
B) Microfilaments
C) Intermediate filaments
D) Thick filaments - ANSWER B) Microfilaments
1
,The answer to this question is B because microfilaments are composed of actin.
Which amino acid is LEAST likely found in one of the transmembrane domains of GPCR43?
A) Asp
B) Gly
C) Trp
D) Phe - ANSWER A) Asp
The answer to this question is A because aspartate (Asp) has a negatively charged R group
and is very hydrophilic.
Compared to untreated WT mice, antibiotic treatment of WT mice is likely to result in:
A) increased plasma butyrate levels.
B) decreased body mass.
C) increased volume of adipocytes.
D) decreased insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. - ANSWER C) increased volume of
adipocytes
The answer to this question is C because if SCFA producing microbes were removed by
antibiotic treatment, then GPCR43 would not be activated to reduce glucose uptake into
adipocytes.
Which amino acid contains an unbranched alkyl side chain?
A) Ala
B) Ile
C) Leu
D) Val - ANSWER A) Ala
2
,The answer to this item is A since alanine contains a methyl side chain, which is not
considered a branched alkane.
The stereochemical designators α and β distinguish between:
A) enantiomers at an epimeric carbon atom.
B) enantiomers at an anomeric carbon atom.
C) epimers at an anomeric carbon atom.
D) epimers at a non-anomeric carbon atom. - ANSWER C) epimers at an anomeric
carbon atom.
The answer to this item is C since the D versus L designation distinguishes between
molecules with multiple chiral centers, but differ only in the configuration of the site known
as the anomeric carbon atom.
Which ideal solution exhibits the greatest osmotic pressure?
A) 0.1 M MgCl2
B) 0.2 M NaCl
C) 0.2 M CaCl2
D) 0.5 M Glucose - ANSWER C) 0.2 M CaCl2
The answer to this question is C because the solution listed has the greatest concentration of
solute particles. CaCl2 dissociates into three ions, making the solution listed 0.6 M in solute
particles.
Which event is directly mediated by a ligand-gated ion channel?
A) Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber to initiate muscle
contraction
3
, B) Influx of Na+ across the axon membrane of a somatic neuron during action potential
propagation
C) Influx of Na+ across the motor end plate resulting in the depolarization of the muscle
fiber membrane
D) Re-entry of Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber to end muscle
contraction - ANSWER C) Influx of Na+ across the motor end plate resulting in the
depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane
The answer to this question is C because the influx of Na+ across the motor end plate occurs
when Na+ ion channels bind the ligand acetylcholine.
Southern blot - ANSWER A Southern blot uses a restriction digest to differentiate
between mutant and wild-type alleles. In order for a Southern blot to be useful, the
mutation should either create or eliminate a restriction site, most of which are palindromes
and 4 to 6 base pairs long.
The mutation shown in this option is the only one that disrupts a palindromic sequence,
AAGCTT. This sequence is the recognition sequence for HindIII.
What bond is cleaved by IN during the first reaction of integration?
"Upon binding, IN catalyzes cleavage of a GT dinucleotide from each 3 PRIME vDNA
terminus"
A) P-C
B) P-P
C) P-H
D) P-O - ANSWER D) P-O
The answer to this question is D because in the first reaction of integration, integrase
cleaves a dinucleotide from the 3' end of a strand of viral DNA.
4
