1970/1980’s
Positive Negative
Alexander v Holmes County 1969 progress was slow in the desegregation of higher education as some
court ordered the immediate desegregation of public schools on private colleges in the south maintained an effective colour bar
the grounds that the 1955 ‘with all deliberate speed…’ could no
longer be used to justify delay.
Swann vs Charlotte- Mecklenburg 1970 local white protests were organised to resist the scheme. .
favoured bussing to achieve integration and deal with de facto
segregation
Green vs Connally 1970 some colleges remained predominantly black or white.
ruled that federal funds would be withheld from higher education
institutions that continued to have a policy of segregation
Nixon 1969-74 Nixon 1969-74
affirmative action AA unemployment remained twice the level of whites and was
Griggs vs Duke Power Company 1971- confirmation of the over 30% among black youths
validity of affirmative action affirmative action had critics both inside and outside the black
Philadelphia Plan 1969- targeted federally funded projects to community.
increase workers from minority groups from 4% to 26% in 4 publicly supported the white protesters and refused to take any
years action to enforce the introduction of bussing programmes
1972-plan had been extended to over 300,000 firms. reluctant to meet black leaders and initially declined a meeting
Equal Employment Opportunities Act 1972- gave the EEOC with Ralph Abernathy
greater powers of enforcement through the courts used the FBI to suppress the Black Panthers.
Milliken vs Bradley 1974
made it clear that bussing would continue if there was deliberate
segregation.
Ford 1974-77 Ford 1974-77
had better relations with civil rights leaders than Nixon didn’t intervene in civil rights issues and supported white
appointed the first black transport Secretary to his protests against bussing.
administration, William T Coleman.
Carter 1977-80 Carter 1977-80
was popular with black voters and won a majority of black votes his record on civil rights had been poor.
black people had high expectations of him black workers were particularly badly hit by job losses
had to deal with severe economic problems. declining tax revenues meant there was less money available
strengthened the EEOC and ensured minority owned companies for federal welfare programmes leading to unpopular cuts often
gained their fair share of government contracts and deposited in programmes designed to help minorities.
federal funds in minority owned banks income gap widened and unemployment remained higher
renewed the Voting Rights Act and increased the Justice among blacks.
Department’s power over voting rights
number of black voters increased from 1.5 million in 1960 to 4.3
million in 1980
black and minority appointments increased from 4% in 1977 to
9% in 1980.
Andrew Young was made ambassador to the UN and there were
14 other black US ambassadors and his government appointed
37 black federal judges (twice as many as previously).
California- Bakke vs Regents of University of California 1978 California- Bakke vs Regents of University of California 1978
ruled in favour of affirmative action Bakke challenged affirmative action in that he had not been
admitted to medical school but minority candidates who scored
lower got in
racial quotes were unconstitutional
Reagan 1981-88 Reagan 1981-88
Voting Rights Act 1965- allowed the federal government to attacked Johnson’s civil rights legislation and opposed
register voters in districts where 50% or more were not desegregation of schools and housing
registered, unsuccessful at preventing the renewal denied racial prejudice but his right-wing philosophy did not
Civil Rights Restoration 1988- unsuccessful at vetoing it help civil rights
was against welfare programmes seeing them as expensive and
encouraging dependency
believed the economy would be stimulated by lower taxes and
these economic improvements would eventually benefit the
poor
he cut taxes by 25% over three years
appointed fewer blacks to the federal administration than any
President since Eisenhower
Voting Rights Act 1965- tried to prevent the renewal, which
allowed the federal government to register voters in districts
where 50% or more were not registered
Civil Rights Restoration 1988- tried to veto it which limited
Positive Negative
Alexander v Holmes County 1969 progress was slow in the desegregation of higher education as some
court ordered the immediate desegregation of public schools on private colleges in the south maintained an effective colour bar
the grounds that the 1955 ‘with all deliberate speed…’ could no
longer be used to justify delay.
Swann vs Charlotte- Mecklenburg 1970 local white protests were organised to resist the scheme. .
favoured bussing to achieve integration and deal with de facto
segregation
Green vs Connally 1970 some colleges remained predominantly black or white.
ruled that federal funds would be withheld from higher education
institutions that continued to have a policy of segregation
Nixon 1969-74 Nixon 1969-74
affirmative action AA unemployment remained twice the level of whites and was
Griggs vs Duke Power Company 1971- confirmation of the over 30% among black youths
validity of affirmative action affirmative action had critics both inside and outside the black
Philadelphia Plan 1969- targeted federally funded projects to community.
increase workers from minority groups from 4% to 26% in 4 publicly supported the white protesters and refused to take any
years action to enforce the introduction of bussing programmes
1972-plan had been extended to over 300,000 firms. reluctant to meet black leaders and initially declined a meeting
Equal Employment Opportunities Act 1972- gave the EEOC with Ralph Abernathy
greater powers of enforcement through the courts used the FBI to suppress the Black Panthers.
Milliken vs Bradley 1974
made it clear that bussing would continue if there was deliberate
segregation.
Ford 1974-77 Ford 1974-77
had better relations with civil rights leaders than Nixon didn’t intervene in civil rights issues and supported white
appointed the first black transport Secretary to his protests against bussing.
administration, William T Coleman.
Carter 1977-80 Carter 1977-80
was popular with black voters and won a majority of black votes his record on civil rights had been poor.
black people had high expectations of him black workers were particularly badly hit by job losses
had to deal with severe economic problems. declining tax revenues meant there was less money available
strengthened the EEOC and ensured minority owned companies for federal welfare programmes leading to unpopular cuts often
gained their fair share of government contracts and deposited in programmes designed to help minorities.
federal funds in minority owned banks income gap widened and unemployment remained higher
renewed the Voting Rights Act and increased the Justice among blacks.
Department’s power over voting rights
number of black voters increased from 1.5 million in 1960 to 4.3
million in 1980
black and minority appointments increased from 4% in 1977 to
9% in 1980.
Andrew Young was made ambassador to the UN and there were
14 other black US ambassadors and his government appointed
37 black federal judges (twice as many as previously).
California- Bakke vs Regents of University of California 1978 California- Bakke vs Regents of University of California 1978
ruled in favour of affirmative action Bakke challenged affirmative action in that he had not been
admitted to medical school but minority candidates who scored
lower got in
racial quotes were unconstitutional
Reagan 1981-88 Reagan 1981-88
Voting Rights Act 1965- allowed the federal government to attacked Johnson’s civil rights legislation and opposed
register voters in districts where 50% or more were not desegregation of schools and housing
registered, unsuccessful at preventing the renewal denied racial prejudice but his right-wing philosophy did not
Civil Rights Restoration 1988- unsuccessful at vetoing it help civil rights
was against welfare programmes seeing them as expensive and
encouraging dependency
believed the economy would be stimulated by lower taxes and
these economic improvements would eventually benefit the
poor
he cut taxes by 25% over three years
appointed fewer blacks to the federal administration than any
President since Eisenhower
Voting Rights Act 1965- tried to prevent the renewal, which
allowed the federal government to register voters in districts
where 50% or more were not registered
Civil Rights Restoration 1988- tried to veto it which limited
