Summary PSY 101 - Midterm

In 1879, in psychology's first experiment, ___ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key - ANS-- William Wundt William James would be considered a(n) - ANS-- Functionalist Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener would be considered - ANS-- Structuralists In the early twentieth century, ____ redefined psychology as the "science of observable behavior" - ANS-- Abraham Maslow Nature is to nurture as - ANS-- Biology is to experience A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely a - ANS-- Clinical Psychologist A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is a - ANS-- Psychiatrist A psychologist conducting basic research to expand psychology's knowledge base would be most likely to - ANS-- observe 3- and 6- year olds solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind - ANS-- Structuralism Explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish - ANS-- Functionalism Who was a memory researcher, but denied her PhD in 1890? - ANS-- Mary Calkins 1st women with psych in PhD and studied animal behavior? - ANS-- Margaret Floy Washburn Who emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior? - ANS-- Frued What did behaviorism dismiss? - ANS-- Introspection Watson and Rayner showed that fear could be learned. What theory did they belong to? - ANS-- Behaviorism BF skinner agued that consequences shape - ANS-- Behavior Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential -- rejected behaviorism and Freudian definition of psych - ANS-- Humanistic Psychology Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) - ANS-- Cognitive Neuroscience Who drew attention to ways that the environmental influences can nurture/limit growth potential? - ANS-- Roger and Maslow What did the Cognitive Revolution (1960's) focus on? - ANS-- How we perceive, process, and remember information Science of mental processes and behavior - ANS-- Modern definition of psychology 3 Main levels of influence - ANS-- biological, psychological, cultural A self correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis - ANS-- Scientific Method Why do we use operational definitions? - ANS-- To avoid bias Sq3R - ANS-- Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review Explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed - ANS-- Theory Theory that produces testable predictions - ANS-- Hypothesis Descriptive technique in which one individual/group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles - ANS-- Case study Descriptive technique of observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation - ANS-- Naturalistic Observation Descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reporting attitudes or behavior of a particular group, usually by questioning a random sample of the group - ANS-- Survey How things are related, measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together and thus, how well either factor predicts the other - ANS-- Correlations Shows strength and direction of the correlation - ANS-- Correlation Coefficient Research method in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior - ANS-- Experimentation Replication is __ - ANS-- confirmation Two factors that influence a survey - ANS-- Wording, Random sampling The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average - ANS-- Regression of the mean Both participants and staff are ignorant about placebo/control group - ANS-- Double blind procedure Factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect - ANS-- Confounding variable Obtain informed consent, protect from harm/discomfort, keep info confidential/ debrief - ANS-- Ethics of people Must ensure comfort, health, human treatment, and minimize pain - ANS-- Ethics of animals Standard for measuring how much scores deviate from one another - ANS-- Standard deviation Genes act as - ANS-- Codes Chromosoms are made up of__ - ANS-- genes + DNA Study of the relative power and limits of genetic & environmental influences on behavior - ANS-- Behavior genetics True or false: Environment shared by a families children has no discernible impact on their personalities - ANS-- True Person's characteristics of emotional reactivity and intensity - ANS-- Temperament Study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior - ANS-- Gene-environment interaction Study of environmental influences on gene expression - ANS-- Epigenetics Study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection - ANS-- Evolutionary Psychology Principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and surveil most likely pass onto succeeding generations - ANS-- Natural Selection Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two - ANS-- Identical Twins Extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes - ANS-- Heritability Random errors in gene replication - ANS-- Mutations No more than ___ of the genetic differences among humans arise from population group differences - ANS-- 5% By puberty, ___ ___ results in a massive loss on unemployed connections - ANS-- Synaptic pruning Priority to one's own goals over the group's goals - ANS-- Individualism Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly - ANS-- Collectivism Define how men/women should react and it differs from place to place - ANS-- Gender traits Social expectations that guide our behavior as men or women - ANS-- Roles Personal sense of being male/female or a sense of the two - ANS-- Gender identity Assumes we acquire our gender identity in childhood by observing & imitating others' gender-linked behaviors and by being rewarded/punished for acting in certain ways - ANS-- Social Learning Theory Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next - ANS-- Culture Rules for accepted and expected behavior - ANS-- Norms Westerners use____ - ANS-- trait describing adjectives East Asians use__ that describe behaviors in context - ANS-- Verbs Biological status - ANS-- Sex Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible - ANS-- Primary Sex Characteristics Non-reproductive sexual traits - ANS-- Secondary sex Characteristics First wet dream - ANS-- Spermarche First period - ANS-- menarche Schemas - ANS-- Concept What does Nature vs Nurture ask? - ANS-- How does our genetic inheritance interact with our experiences to influence our development? Continuity & Stages (development issues) - ANS-- What parts of development are gradual and continuous? What parts change abruptly? Stability & Change (development issues) - ANS-- What traits persist? Change? Who studied moral development and the stages of psychosocial development? - ANS-- Erik Erikson Did Erik believe they were stages you progress through, in that order? - ANS-- Yes Who studied cognitive development and believed you could jump around? - ANS-- Jean Piaget Fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell divisions and develops into an embryo - ANS-- Zygote Developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month - ANS-- Embryo Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth - ANS-- Fetus How many cells form per second at 4 weeks? - ANS-- 1 million What reflexes do babies have? - ANS-- Rooting, sucking, tonguing Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation - ANS-- Habituation What do babies prefer? - ANS-- Sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness Where is the most rapid growth in a baby? - ANS-- Frontal lobes Motor development is __ - ANS-- universal Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas - ANS-- Assimilate Adapting current understands to incorporate new information - ANS-- Accommodation Ideas about their own mental stages - ANS-- Theory of Mind Who studied on monkey's? - ANS-- Harlow Stange Situation Experiment - ANS-- Mary Ainsworth Styles of romantic love - ANS-- Secure, trusting Insecure, anxious Avoidance of attachment Authoritarian parenting - ANS-- Coercive Permissive parenting - ANS-- Unrestraining Authoritative - ANS-- Confrontative Did Erik Erikson study attachment styles? - ANS-- Yes Process of acquiring through experience new information/behaviors - ANS-- Learning Who said we learn about association- minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence - ANS-- Aristotle Classical conditioning - ANS-- Associate to stimuli Operant conditioning - ANS-- Associate a response and its consequence 2 behavioralists? - ANS-- Pavlov, Watson Who studied how the body breaks down food into chemicals that can be absorbed into the blood - ANS-- Pavlov Presentation of 2 stimuli is independent of behavior - ANS-- Classical conditioning When CS is repeatedly present without the US, the CR becomes weaker until it stops - ANS-- Extinction Who studied human emotions and behaviors, through biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses - ANS-- John Watson