APHON CHEMO
CERTIFICATION EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS WITH 100%
SOLVED ANSWERS.
physical barrier - ANS/the first layer of defense that provides protective
immunity through anatomic barriers; ex. skin, mucous membranes
innate passive immunity - ANS/the second layer of defense that provides
rapid, nonspecific response to invading pathogens
adaptive acquired immunity - ANS/the third layer of defense
tumor marker - ANS/a characteristic feature or byproduct of a tumor cell
that serves as a useful indication of tumor cell origin or tumor activity
risk stratification - ANS/allows for tailoring therapy after consideration of
factors beyond those traditional staging systems; this approach allows for
early intensification of treatment
pharmacokinetics - ANS/the movement of a drug in the body and studies
how the body affects the administered drug
pharmacogenetics - ANS/the study of how a person's genetic makeup
affects that person's response to drug therapy
,surgery - ANS/often used as a method for treating cancer with the primary
goal being to reduce the tumor burden so that any remaining cancer cells
can be more effectively destroyed by host immunologic factors, chemo, or
immunotherapy
resection - ANS/surgical treatment of a tumor by removing it
complete resection - ANS/surgical treatment that involves the removal of
all visible and microscopic evidence of the tumor
partial resection - ANS/surgical debulking that involves resecting a portion
of the tumor because the entire mass cannot be completely or safely
removed
apoptosis - ANS/natural cell death
necrosis - ANS/cell death that results from an insult, such as a lack of
blood supply, physical trauma, or cytotoxic therapy that leads to rupture
of the cell membrane and spilling of cell contents
malignant cells - ANS/cells that do not have a finite number of cell
divisions as normal cells do; lost the ability to undergo apoptosis; can
keep replicating and dividing indefinitely
aberrant cell division - ANS/the primary characteristic of malignant cells
tumor suppression genes - ANS/these keep normal cellular growth in
check by regulating cell division, DNA repair, and apoptosis; if damaged or
, absent, cells lack the appropriate growth-inhibiting signals and grow out
of control
nadir - ANS/the period of time after a course of chemotherapy in which the
patients blood counts are lowest
chemotherapy - ANS/drug therapy aimed at reducing visible tumor volume
by cytotoxic effects and preventing tumor cell division and spread; agents
are designed to kill malignant cells during different phases of the cell
cycle
radiation therapy - ANS/the goal of treatment is to target the tumor for
destruction while sparing the surrounding tissues
autologous transplant - ANS/the patient is both the donor and the
recipient, often given as a "rescue" after high-dose chemo when
immunosuppression or myelosuppression would be a dose-limiting factor;
no risk of GVHD
allogenic transplant - ANS/donor and recipient are related or closely
matched; donor is healthy
syngeneic tranplant - ANS/transplant source is from an identical twin
immunotherapy - ANS/biologic therapy that activates, modulates, or
restores the patient's immune system in order to control the cancer
molecular targeted therapy - ANS/biologic therapy that act directly on a
cancer cell to exert effect on a specific pathway or function that the
cancer cell depends on for growth, division, or spread
grade x - ANS/grade of the tumor cannot be assessed
CERTIFICATION EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS WITH 100%
SOLVED ANSWERS.
physical barrier - ANS/the first layer of defense that provides protective
immunity through anatomic barriers; ex. skin, mucous membranes
innate passive immunity - ANS/the second layer of defense that provides
rapid, nonspecific response to invading pathogens
adaptive acquired immunity - ANS/the third layer of defense
tumor marker - ANS/a characteristic feature or byproduct of a tumor cell
that serves as a useful indication of tumor cell origin or tumor activity
risk stratification - ANS/allows for tailoring therapy after consideration of
factors beyond those traditional staging systems; this approach allows for
early intensification of treatment
pharmacokinetics - ANS/the movement of a drug in the body and studies
how the body affects the administered drug
pharmacogenetics - ANS/the study of how a person's genetic makeup
affects that person's response to drug therapy
,surgery - ANS/often used as a method for treating cancer with the primary
goal being to reduce the tumor burden so that any remaining cancer cells
can be more effectively destroyed by host immunologic factors, chemo, or
immunotherapy
resection - ANS/surgical treatment of a tumor by removing it
complete resection - ANS/surgical treatment that involves the removal of
all visible and microscopic evidence of the tumor
partial resection - ANS/surgical debulking that involves resecting a portion
of the tumor because the entire mass cannot be completely or safely
removed
apoptosis - ANS/natural cell death
necrosis - ANS/cell death that results from an insult, such as a lack of
blood supply, physical trauma, or cytotoxic therapy that leads to rupture
of the cell membrane and spilling of cell contents
malignant cells - ANS/cells that do not have a finite number of cell
divisions as normal cells do; lost the ability to undergo apoptosis; can
keep replicating and dividing indefinitely
aberrant cell division - ANS/the primary characteristic of malignant cells
tumor suppression genes - ANS/these keep normal cellular growth in
check by regulating cell division, DNA repair, and apoptosis; if damaged or
, absent, cells lack the appropriate growth-inhibiting signals and grow out
of control
nadir - ANS/the period of time after a course of chemotherapy in which the
patients blood counts are lowest
chemotherapy - ANS/drug therapy aimed at reducing visible tumor volume
by cytotoxic effects and preventing tumor cell division and spread; agents
are designed to kill malignant cells during different phases of the cell
cycle
radiation therapy - ANS/the goal of treatment is to target the tumor for
destruction while sparing the surrounding tissues
autologous transplant - ANS/the patient is both the donor and the
recipient, often given as a "rescue" after high-dose chemo when
immunosuppression or myelosuppression would be a dose-limiting factor;
no risk of GVHD
allogenic transplant - ANS/donor and recipient are related or closely
matched; donor is healthy
syngeneic tranplant - ANS/transplant source is from an identical twin
immunotherapy - ANS/biologic therapy that activates, modulates, or
restores the patient's immune system in order to control the cancer
molecular targeted therapy - ANS/biologic therapy that act directly on a
cancer cell to exert effect on a specific pathway or function that the
cancer cell depends on for growth, division, or spread
grade x - ANS/grade of the tumor cannot be assessed
