CONS 127 MIDTERM LATEST
What are the main reasons why leaves reflect so much Near Infrared
energy? - ANSWERS-- The leaf already reflects 40 - 60% of the
incident NIR energy from the spongy mesophyll
- The remaining 45 - 50% of the energy penetrates (i.e., transmitted)
through the leaf and can be reflected once again by leaves below it
What are the five major absorption bands across the NIR to MIR
wavelengths? - ANSWERS-0.97, 1.19, 1.45, 1.94 and 2.7μm
What are the dominant factors controlling MIR / SWIR Reflectance? -
ANSWERS-
What is generic normalized vegetation index? (NDVI) - ANSWERS-**-
There is also a strong relationship between the reflectance in the MIR
region from 1.3-2.5μm and the amount of water present in leaves
- Water in leaves absorb incident energy between the absorption bands
with increasing strength at longer wavelengths
- In the MIR wavelengths, vegetation reflectance peaks occur at about
1600nm and 2200nm
END OF
PAGE
1
, CONS 127 MIDTERM LATEST
** - Water is a good absorber of MIR energy, so the greater the water
content of the leaves, the lower the MIR reflectance
Conversely, as the amount of plant water in intercellular spaces
decreases, this causes greater MIR leaf reflectance
What are vegetation indices? What is the Infrared/Red Ratio Vegetation
Index? What is the formula for normalized difference vegetation index +
what is it? - ANSWERS-The near-infrared (NIR) to red simple ratio
(SR) is the first true vegetation index
SR = NIR / red
- It takes advantage of the inverse relationship between chlorophyll
absorption of red radiant energy and increased reflectance of near-
infrared energy for healthy plant canopies
NDVI = NIR - Red / NIR + Red
- Has provided a method of estimating net primary production over
varying biome types, identifying ecoregions, monitoring phenological
patterns of the earth's vegetative surface, and of assessing the length of
the growing season and dry-down periods
END OF
PAGE
2
, CONS 127 MIDTERM LATEST
What is the significance of the 1482 Ptolemy map? - ANSWERS-It was
the first map to use grid lines (a coordinate system using latitude and
longitude to define positions)
What is latitude? - ANSWERS-Angle that describes the north-south
position.
Parallel - ANSWERS-Circle connecting all locations with a given
latitude
Pole - ANSWERS-Points where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its
surface
There are North, South poles
Equator - ANSWERS-Intersection of the Earth's surface with the plane
perpendicular to the axis of rotation and midway between the poles. The
equator is the biggest parallel
Arctic Circle - ANSWERS-Southernmost latitude in the Northern
Hemisphere where the Sun can remain continuously above or below the
horizon for 24h.
END OF
PAGE
3
, CONS 127 MIDTERM LATEST
Antarctic Circle - ANSWERS-Northernmost latitude in the Southern
Hemisphere where the sun can remain continuously above or below the
horizon for 24h.
Tropic of Cancer + How does it change seasons depending on where
Earth is tilted + Value - ANSWERS-Northernmost circle of latitude
where the Sun can be directly overhead
When the top of the Earth is tilted towards the sun, it is summer in the
northern hemisphere. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted away from
the sun, it's winter there
Tropic of Capricorn + Value - ANSWERS-Southernmost circle of
latitude where the Sun can be directly overhead
66.5S
Longitude - ANSWERS-Angle that describes the east-west position, no
value for Longitude
END OF
PAGE
4
What are the main reasons why leaves reflect so much Near Infrared
energy? - ANSWERS-- The leaf already reflects 40 - 60% of the
incident NIR energy from the spongy mesophyll
- The remaining 45 - 50% of the energy penetrates (i.e., transmitted)
through the leaf and can be reflected once again by leaves below it
What are the five major absorption bands across the NIR to MIR
wavelengths? - ANSWERS-0.97, 1.19, 1.45, 1.94 and 2.7μm
What are the dominant factors controlling MIR / SWIR Reflectance? -
ANSWERS-
What is generic normalized vegetation index? (NDVI) - ANSWERS-**-
There is also a strong relationship between the reflectance in the MIR
region from 1.3-2.5μm and the amount of water present in leaves
- Water in leaves absorb incident energy between the absorption bands
with increasing strength at longer wavelengths
- In the MIR wavelengths, vegetation reflectance peaks occur at about
1600nm and 2200nm
END OF
PAGE
1
, CONS 127 MIDTERM LATEST
** - Water is a good absorber of MIR energy, so the greater the water
content of the leaves, the lower the MIR reflectance
Conversely, as the amount of plant water in intercellular spaces
decreases, this causes greater MIR leaf reflectance
What are vegetation indices? What is the Infrared/Red Ratio Vegetation
Index? What is the formula for normalized difference vegetation index +
what is it? - ANSWERS-The near-infrared (NIR) to red simple ratio
(SR) is the first true vegetation index
SR = NIR / red
- It takes advantage of the inverse relationship between chlorophyll
absorption of red radiant energy and increased reflectance of near-
infrared energy for healthy plant canopies
NDVI = NIR - Red / NIR + Red
- Has provided a method of estimating net primary production over
varying biome types, identifying ecoregions, monitoring phenological
patterns of the earth's vegetative surface, and of assessing the length of
the growing season and dry-down periods
END OF
PAGE
2
, CONS 127 MIDTERM LATEST
What is the significance of the 1482 Ptolemy map? - ANSWERS-It was
the first map to use grid lines (a coordinate system using latitude and
longitude to define positions)
What is latitude? - ANSWERS-Angle that describes the north-south
position.
Parallel - ANSWERS-Circle connecting all locations with a given
latitude
Pole - ANSWERS-Points where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its
surface
There are North, South poles
Equator - ANSWERS-Intersection of the Earth's surface with the plane
perpendicular to the axis of rotation and midway between the poles. The
equator is the biggest parallel
Arctic Circle - ANSWERS-Southernmost latitude in the Northern
Hemisphere where the Sun can remain continuously above or below the
horizon for 24h.
END OF
PAGE
3
, CONS 127 MIDTERM LATEST
Antarctic Circle - ANSWERS-Northernmost latitude in the Southern
Hemisphere where the sun can remain continuously above or below the
horizon for 24h.
Tropic of Cancer + How does it change seasons depending on where
Earth is tilted + Value - ANSWERS-Northernmost circle of latitude
where the Sun can be directly overhead
When the top of the Earth is tilted towards the sun, it is summer in the
northern hemisphere. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted away from
the sun, it's winter there
Tropic of Capricorn + Value - ANSWERS-Southernmost circle of
latitude where the Sun can be directly overhead
66.5S
Longitude - ANSWERS-Angle that describes the east-west position, no
value for Longitude
END OF
PAGE
4
