CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER
11 STUDY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Asian American identity development models - ANSWER-models of identity development that
focused on the development of Asian ethnic identity
Black identity development models - ANSWER-Models proposed to explain how African
Americans develop their racial identities through a process of racial awakening
Cross model of psychological *nigrescence* (the process of becoming black) is perhaps the
most influential and well documented - ANSWER--original cross model was developed during
the civil rights movement and delineates 5-stage process in which Blacks in the U.S move from a
white frame of reference to a positive Black frame of reference:
Cross' original 5 stage-process:
*Black Identity Development* - ANSWER-1) pre-encounter stage
2) encounter stage
3) immersion-emersion stage
4) internalization stage
5) internalization-commitment
1) *pre-encounter stage* - ANSWER-characterized by African Americans' consciously or
unconsciously devaluing their own Blackness and concurrently VALUING WHITE values and
ways.
-Blacks evidence of low-self esteem, self-hate, poor mental health
2) *encounter stage* - ANSWER-2 step process:
1) individual encounters a profound crisis or event that challenges his or her previous mode of
thinking and behaving
, 2) Black person begins to reinterpret the world, resulting in a shift in world-views
-Black person experiences both guilt and anger over being brainwashed by White Society
3) *immersion-emersion stage* - ANSWER-person withdraws from the dominant culture and
becomes immersed in African American culture
-Black pride begins to develop-BUT internalization of positive attitudes toward one's own
Blackness is minimal
4) *internalization stage* - ANSWER-characterized by inner security, as conflicts between the
old and new identities are resolved
-Global anti-white feelings subside as the person becomes more flexible, tolerant, and more
multicultural/bicultural
5) *internalization-commitment* - ANSWER-commitment that such individuals have toward
social change, social justice, and civil rights
Cross' original model makes a MAJOR ASSUMPTION: - ANSWER-the evolution from the pre-
encounter stage to the internalization stage reflects a movement from psychological dysfunction
to psychological health
Cross's revised model:
1) pre-encounter stage revised ----> - ANSWER-Cross introduces the concept of *race salience*-
the degree to which race is an important and integral part of a persons approach to life
(salience for Blackness can possess positive-pro-black- or negative -anti-black-valence)
-instead of using term "pro-white" in describing the pre-encounter stage, Cross now uses the
term race salience
-current revised model now described 2 identities:
1) pre-encounter assimilation (has low salience for race and a neutral valence toward Blackness)
2) pre-encounter anti-Black (described indv. who hate blacks and hate being black- high negative
salience-)
11 STUDY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Asian American identity development models - ANSWER-models of identity development that
focused on the development of Asian ethnic identity
Black identity development models - ANSWER-Models proposed to explain how African
Americans develop their racial identities through a process of racial awakening
Cross model of psychological *nigrescence* (the process of becoming black) is perhaps the
most influential and well documented - ANSWER--original cross model was developed during
the civil rights movement and delineates 5-stage process in which Blacks in the U.S move from a
white frame of reference to a positive Black frame of reference:
Cross' original 5 stage-process:
*Black Identity Development* - ANSWER-1) pre-encounter stage
2) encounter stage
3) immersion-emersion stage
4) internalization stage
5) internalization-commitment
1) *pre-encounter stage* - ANSWER-characterized by African Americans' consciously or
unconsciously devaluing their own Blackness and concurrently VALUING WHITE values and
ways.
-Blacks evidence of low-self esteem, self-hate, poor mental health
2) *encounter stage* - ANSWER-2 step process:
1) individual encounters a profound crisis or event that challenges his or her previous mode of
thinking and behaving
, 2) Black person begins to reinterpret the world, resulting in a shift in world-views
-Black person experiences both guilt and anger over being brainwashed by White Society
3) *immersion-emersion stage* - ANSWER-person withdraws from the dominant culture and
becomes immersed in African American culture
-Black pride begins to develop-BUT internalization of positive attitudes toward one's own
Blackness is minimal
4) *internalization stage* - ANSWER-characterized by inner security, as conflicts between the
old and new identities are resolved
-Global anti-white feelings subside as the person becomes more flexible, tolerant, and more
multicultural/bicultural
5) *internalization-commitment* - ANSWER-commitment that such individuals have toward
social change, social justice, and civil rights
Cross' original model makes a MAJOR ASSUMPTION: - ANSWER-the evolution from the pre-
encounter stage to the internalization stage reflects a movement from psychological dysfunction
to psychological health
Cross's revised model:
1) pre-encounter stage revised ----> - ANSWER-Cross introduces the concept of *race salience*-
the degree to which race is an important and integral part of a persons approach to life
(salience for Blackness can possess positive-pro-black- or negative -anti-black-valence)
-instead of using term "pro-white" in describing the pre-encounter stage, Cross now uses the
term race salience
-current revised model now described 2 identities:
1) pre-encounter assimilation (has low salience for race and a neutral valence toward Blackness)
2) pre-encounter anti-Black (described indv. who hate blacks and hate being black- high negative
salience-)
