Nursing Pathophysiology Final |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Exam Review exam with correct |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answers
While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. - correct answer✔✔Bundle of His |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient with: -
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answer✔✔Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach surgery in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What acidbase
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
imbalance is most likely in this patient? - correct answer✔✔Metabolic alkalosis, compensating
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? - correct answer✔✔Atrial fibrillation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when the nurse
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS complex reflects: - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Ventricular activity |||\\\
Which is one of the acid/base conditions that would cause the nurse to monitor for
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
hyperkalemia? - correct answer✔✔metabolic acidosis |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,A 20-year-old male is in acute pain with restlessness and anxiety. An arterial blood gas
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following does the nurse
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
suspect is the most likely cause? - correct answer✔✔hyperventilation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician identified
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes would be |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
referred to as: - correct answer✔✔Pathologic hyperplasia
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The nurse teaches the patient
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate explanation when describing
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
malignant cells? - correct answer✔✔Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are irreversible
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: - correct answer✔✔can spread far from
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the tissue of origin
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue. What type of cancer does he
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
have? - correct answer✔✔adenocarcinoma
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: - correct answer✔✔Increase in size
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: - correct answer✔✔programmed cell death
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell - correct answer✔✔size
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for cancer. The instructor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following are associated risks for
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cancer? - correct answer✔✔-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-hepatitis C virus (HCV) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-hepatitis B virus (HBV) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-human papillomavirus (HPV) |||\\\ |||\\\
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which of the following could be a possible marker? - correct answer✔✔Enzymes
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with productive cough of bloodtinged
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further questioning, he
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are likely to result in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
which of the following forms of necrosis? - correct answer✔✔caseous
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: - correct answer✔✔Two-thirds of the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
body's water is intracellular. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the extracellular |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body weight. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to state that:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. - correct answer✔✔C) Water
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
moves freely across the capillary or cell membrane.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is the major
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
ICF cation; this is due to the sodium-potassium pump.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that: - correct answer✔✔It is a hormone
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is located on
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is increased or sodium is decreased.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Therefore, it makes sense that aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption to increase a |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it: -
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answer✔✔Is a result of an underlying disorder. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
treatment is centered on the underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in sodium
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms associated with this
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
syndrome.
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is generally: -
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answer✔✔An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can occur |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur with an
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is uncommon.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Exam Review exam with correct |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answers
While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. - correct answer✔✔Bundle of His |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient with: -
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answer✔✔Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach surgery in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What acidbase
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
imbalance is most likely in this patient? - correct answer✔✔Metabolic alkalosis, compensating
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? - correct answer✔✔Atrial fibrillation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when the nurse
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS complex reflects: - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Ventricular activity |||\\\
Which is one of the acid/base conditions that would cause the nurse to monitor for
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
hyperkalemia? - correct answer✔✔metabolic acidosis |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,A 20-year-old male is in acute pain with restlessness and anxiety. An arterial blood gas
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following does the nurse
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
suspect is the most likely cause? - correct answer✔✔hyperventilation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician identified
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes would be |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
referred to as: - correct answer✔✔Pathologic hyperplasia
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The nurse teaches the patient
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate explanation when describing
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
malignant cells? - correct answer✔✔Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are irreversible
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: - correct answer✔✔can spread far from
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the tissue of origin
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue. What type of cancer does he
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
have? - correct answer✔✔adenocarcinoma
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: - correct answer✔✔Increase in size
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: - correct answer✔✔programmed cell death
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell - correct answer✔✔size
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for cancer. The instructor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following are associated risks for
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cancer? - correct answer✔✔-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-hepatitis C virus (HCV) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-hepatitis B virus (HBV) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-human papillomavirus (HPV) |||\\\ |||\\\
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which of the following could be a possible marker? - correct answer✔✔Enzymes
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with productive cough of bloodtinged
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further questioning, he
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are likely to result in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
which of the following forms of necrosis? - correct answer✔✔caseous
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: - correct answer✔✔Two-thirds of the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
body's water is intracellular. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the extracellular |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body weight. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to state that:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. - correct answer✔✔C) Water
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
moves freely across the capillary or cell membrane.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is the major
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
ICF cation; this is due to the sodium-potassium pump.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that: - correct answer✔✔It is a hormone
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is located on
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is increased or sodium is decreased.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Therefore, it makes sense that aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption to increase a |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it: -
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answer✔✔Is a result of an underlying disorder. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
treatment is centered on the underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in sodium
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms associated with this
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
syndrome.
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is generally: -
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answer✔✔An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
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Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can occur |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur with an
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increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is uncommon.
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