Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 3 |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with correct answers |||\\\ |||\\\
Do women or men more often have multiple sclerosis? - correct answer✔✔Women (2-3:1)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which disease has the following risk factors:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Epstein-barr virus (EBV) |||\\\ |||\\\
-Live above the 37th parallel
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Caucasian
-Female
-Vitamin D deficiency: Decreased time between clinical isolated syndrome (CIS) and 2nd
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
exacerbation
-Smoking - correct answer✔✔Multiple Sclerosis |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the main pathophysiological theory for multiple sclerosis? - correct answer✔✔It's an
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
autoimmune/neurodegenerative disease: |||\\\ |||\\\
-inflammation
-demyelination/remyelination
-permanent axonal damage |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the Myelin forming cells of the CNS? - correct answer✔✔Oligodendrocytes
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What do T-Helper cell types 1 & 17 do? - correct answer✔✔Pro-inflammatory
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What does T-Helper cell type 2 do? - correct answer✔✔Anti-inflammatory
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,Which T cell types exhibit plasticity? - correct answer✔✔T-Helper 17 & T-Regulatory
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the pathophysiology of Multple Sclerosis? - correct answer✔✔1. Autoreactive T cells
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
express Very Late Antegen-4 (VLA-4, aka α4-integrin) on their cell surface and secrete Matrix
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Metalloproteinases (MMP). |||\\\
2. VLA-4 binds to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) receptors on the blood brain barrier
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(BBB) and MMP results in dysregulation of the BBB, allowing cell entry into the CNS.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
3. Once in the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, and Osteopontin [OP]) are
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell entry into the CNS.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
4. T cells in the CNS interact with microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages to produce reactive
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
5. B cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific antibodies that form
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
membrane attack complexes with complement causing cell lysis. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, autoreactive T cells express ____________ on their cell surface and secrete
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
______________. - correct answer✔✔Autoreactive T cells express Very Late Antegen-4 (VLA-4, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
aka α4-integrin) on their cell surface and secrete Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP).
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, VLA-4 binds to ____________ receptors on the blood brain barrier (BBB) and MMP
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
results in dysregulation of the BBB, allowing cell entry into the CNS. - correct answer✔✔VLA-4
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
binds to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) receptors on the blood brain barrier (BBB)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and MMP results in dysregulation of the BBB, allowing cell entry into the CNS.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, once T cells enter the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (__________, _________, and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
_______________) are secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell entry into the CNS. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,- correct answer✔✔Once in the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Osteopontin [OP]) are secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell entry into the CNS. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, T cells in the CNS interact with __________, ___________, and _________________ to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage. - correct answer✔✔T
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells in the CNS interact with microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages to produce reactive
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, _______ cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific antibodies that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
form membrane attack complexes with complement causing cell lysis. - correct answer✔✔B
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific antibodies that form membrane
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
attack complexes with complement causing cell lysis.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which disease presents in the following way: |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
**Visual changes, optic neuritis (Often the 1st sign/symptom) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Paresthesias
-Gait issues/falls |||\\\
-Foot drop |||\\\
-Dysdiadochokinesia
-Fatigue
-Weakness
-Impaired coordination |||\\\
-Cognitive changes |||\\\
MRI:
***Gadolinium enhanced lesions |||\\\ |||\\\
LUMBAR PUNCTURE TEST: |||\\\ |||\\\
, -Increased IgG |||\\\
-Increased Myelin basic protein (MBP) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Increased CSF protein - correct answer✔✔Multiple Sclerosis |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which cognitive test is most commonly used to diagnose MS? - correct answer✔✔Symbol
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the primary diagnostic test for MS? - correct answer✔✔MRI with or without contrast
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The McDonald Criteria is used to diagnose MS, and involves lesions disseminated in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
________________ and _______________. - correct answer✔✔Disseminated in time (DIT) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Disseminated in space (DIS) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What does the McDonald Criteria for diagnosing MS Disseminated in time (DIT) require? -
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answer✔✔One of the following: |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
1. Gadolinium-enhancing lesions (compared to baseline MRI).
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
2. Simultaneous presence of Gadolinium-enhancing and non-enhancing lesions.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The McDonald Criteria for diagnosing MS Disseminated in space (DIS) requires the presence of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
lesions in 2 out of what four areas? - correct answer✔✔1. Periventricular
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
2. Juxtacortical
|||\\\
3. Infratentorial
|||\\\
4. Spinal cord
|||\\\ |||\\\
Which type of MS is were the patient has MRI features of MS, but does not meet the DIS, and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
have no symptoms? - correct answer✔✔Radiographically Isolated Syndrome (RIS)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with correct answers |||\\\ |||\\\
Do women or men more often have multiple sclerosis? - correct answer✔✔Women (2-3:1)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which disease has the following risk factors:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Epstein-barr virus (EBV) |||\\\ |||\\\
-Live above the 37th parallel
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Caucasian
-Female
-Vitamin D deficiency: Decreased time between clinical isolated syndrome (CIS) and 2nd
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
exacerbation
-Smoking - correct answer✔✔Multiple Sclerosis |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the main pathophysiological theory for multiple sclerosis? - correct answer✔✔It's an
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
autoimmune/neurodegenerative disease: |||\\\ |||\\\
-inflammation
-demyelination/remyelination
-permanent axonal damage |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the Myelin forming cells of the CNS? - correct answer✔✔Oligodendrocytes
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What do T-Helper cell types 1 & 17 do? - correct answer✔✔Pro-inflammatory
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What does T-Helper cell type 2 do? - correct answer✔✔Anti-inflammatory
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,Which T cell types exhibit plasticity? - correct answer✔✔T-Helper 17 & T-Regulatory
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the pathophysiology of Multple Sclerosis? - correct answer✔✔1. Autoreactive T cells
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
express Very Late Antegen-4 (VLA-4, aka α4-integrin) on their cell surface and secrete Matrix
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Metalloproteinases (MMP). |||\\\
2. VLA-4 binds to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) receptors on the blood brain barrier
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(BBB) and MMP results in dysregulation of the BBB, allowing cell entry into the CNS.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
3. Once in the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, and Osteopontin [OP]) are
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell entry into the CNS.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
4. T cells in the CNS interact with microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages to produce reactive
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
5. B cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific antibodies that form
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
membrane attack complexes with complement causing cell lysis. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, autoreactive T cells express ____________ on their cell surface and secrete
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
______________. - correct answer✔✔Autoreactive T cells express Very Late Antegen-4 (VLA-4, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
aka α4-integrin) on their cell surface and secrete Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP).
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, VLA-4 binds to ____________ receptors on the blood brain barrier (BBB) and MMP
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
results in dysregulation of the BBB, allowing cell entry into the CNS. - correct answer✔✔VLA-4
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
binds to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) receptors on the blood brain barrier (BBB)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and MMP results in dysregulation of the BBB, allowing cell entry into the CNS.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, once T cells enter the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (__________, _________, and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
_______________) are secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell entry into the CNS. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,- correct answer✔✔Once in the CNS, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Osteopontin [OP]) are secreted resulting in inflammation and further T cell entry into the CNS. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, T cells in the CNS interact with __________, ___________, and _________________ to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage. - correct answer✔✔T
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells in the CNS interact with microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages to produce reactive
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
oxygen species and nitric oxide causing CNS damage. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
In MS, _______ cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific antibodies that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
form membrane attack complexes with complement causing cell lysis. - correct answer✔✔B
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells acts as ACPs, enter the CNS, and produce myelin-specific antibodies that form membrane
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
attack complexes with complement causing cell lysis.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which disease presents in the following way: |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
**Visual changes, optic neuritis (Often the 1st sign/symptom) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Paresthesias
-Gait issues/falls |||\\\
-Foot drop |||\\\
-Dysdiadochokinesia
-Fatigue
-Weakness
-Impaired coordination |||\\\
-Cognitive changes |||\\\
MRI:
***Gadolinium enhanced lesions |||\\\ |||\\\
LUMBAR PUNCTURE TEST: |||\\\ |||\\\
, -Increased IgG |||\\\
-Increased Myelin basic protein (MBP) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-Increased CSF protein - correct answer✔✔Multiple Sclerosis |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which cognitive test is most commonly used to diagnose MS? - correct answer✔✔Symbol
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the primary diagnostic test for MS? - correct answer✔✔MRI with or without contrast
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The McDonald Criteria is used to diagnose MS, and involves lesions disseminated in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
________________ and _______________. - correct answer✔✔Disseminated in time (DIT) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Disseminated in space (DIS) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What does the McDonald Criteria for diagnosing MS Disseminated in time (DIT) require? -
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answer✔✔One of the following: |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
1. Gadolinium-enhancing lesions (compared to baseline MRI).
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
2. Simultaneous presence of Gadolinium-enhancing and non-enhancing lesions.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The McDonald Criteria for diagnosing MS Disseminated in space (DIS) requires the presence of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
lesions in 2 out of what four areas? - correct answer✔✔1. Periventricular
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
2. Juxtacortical
|||\\\
3. Infratentorial
|||\\\
4. Spinal cord
|||\\\ |||\\\
Which type of MS is were the patient has MRI features of MS, but does not meet the DIS, and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
have no symptoms? - correct answer✔✔Radiographically Isolated Syndrome (RIS)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
