Test Bank for Evolution, Making Sense Of Life 2nd Edition by Carl Zimmer, Prof. Douglas Emlen.[2025!!!]

, Test Bank, Chapter 1 vv vv vv




1. Which of the following is NOT an example of evolution?
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(a) Beak size in a population of birds becomes larger from one generation
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to the next because larger beaked birds had higher reproductive
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success and passed the trait to their offspring
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(b) Over long periods of time whales gradually lost their hindlimbs
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(c) When traveling to high altitude, human physiology changes
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vvto accommodate lower oxygen levels
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(d) All of the above are examples of evolution
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2. The fluke of a whale and the fluke of a shark:
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(a) are homologous traits
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(b) arose through convergent evolution
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(c) are the result of natural selection
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(d) b and c are correct
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(e) all are correct
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3. Mammary glands in whales and humans:
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(a) are a synapomorphy for these species and other mammals
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(b) are homologous traits
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(c) were likely present in the most recent common ancestor of humans
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vvand whales vv


(d) all are correct
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(e) none are correct vv vv




4. Based on current fossil evidence:
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(a) whales were likely fully aquatic before they evolved peg-like teeth
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vvor baleen vv


(b) evolution of baleen forced whales to become fully aquatic
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(c) the teeth of extinct whales such as Dorudon were similar to those
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vvof extinct land mammals
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(d) a and c are correct
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(e) b and c are correct
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5. One important feature that links extinct organisms such as Pakicetus and
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Indohyus to cetaceans is:
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(a) the shape of a bone in the middle ear
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(b) the presence of forelimb flippers
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(c) the lack of hindlegs
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(d) peg-like teeth vv

,6. The placement of whales within the artiodactyls is supported by:
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(a) morphology of limb bones (e.g. the astragalus) in extinct whales vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv


(b) DNA evidence vv


(c) the fact that some artiodactyls (e.g. hippos) spend a significant amount
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of time in the water
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(d) a and b are correct
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(e) all of the above vv vv vv




7. From examining the fossil record, scientists have postulated that long-
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term historic changes in cetacean diversity depended on:
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(a) changes in the abundance of diatoms, one of their main food sources
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(b) changes in the abundance of diatoms, which serve as food
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for animals that were preyed upon by cetaceans
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(c) changes in sea temperature vv vv vv


(d) rising pollution levels in the ocean
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(e) changes in the abundance of organisms that prey on cetaceans
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8. Which of the following would explain why viruses such as influenza evolve
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so rapidly:
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(a) they have a high mutation rate
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(b) they have a high replication rate
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(c) they can undergo viral reassortment
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(d) none of the above vv vv vv


(e) all of the above vv vv vv




9. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the evolution of
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drug resistance in a virus:
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(a) the drug causes mutations in the virus that make it resistant
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(b) even before the drug is administered, some virions might
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be resistant
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(c) an individual virion that is exposed to the drug will adapt by
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becoming resistant; future applications of the drug will be
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ineffective against this virion
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(d) all of the above vv vv vv




10. The molecular clock used to date the emergence of the 2009 H1N1
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strain would be inaccurate if:
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(a) mutations arose at different rates in different lineages vv vv vv vv vv vv vv


(b) the most recent common ancestor of the viral strains existed long ago
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(c) the most recent common ancestor of the viral strains existed recently
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(d) none of the above vv vv vv

, 11. New mutations: vv




(a) are random with respect to their effects on fitness
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(b) are necessary for natural selection to cause evolutionary change
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(c) are rare in a population
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(d) a and b are correct
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(e) all are correct vv vv




12. Evolution occurs when: vv vv




(a) individuals in a population change in response to the environment
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(b) the average value of trait in a population changes from
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one generation to the next
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(c) a and b are both correct
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(d) Neither a or b is correct vv vv vv vv vv




Short answer/essay.
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1. Please describe evidence three pieces of evidence found in extant
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cetaceans that supports the idea that their ancestors had hindlimbs.
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1. During embryonic development hindlimb buds form, but are
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then stop growing.
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2. Some extant whales have a vestigial pelvis, which only makes
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sense if their ancestors had hindlimbs.
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3. DNA evidence shows that cetaceans are nested within the
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artiodactyls. The common ancestor of artiodactyls would have
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had hindlimbs.
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2. Describe how scientists used carbon isotopes to determine whether
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extinct whales likely inhabited freshwater or saltwater.
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Although most oxygen atoms have eight neutrons, some oxygen
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isotopes have more (e.g. 10). Seawater has more oxygen atoms with
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10 neutrons (heavy) than freshwater, and animals that live in the sea
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incorporate more heavy oxygen into their bones than animals that live
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on land. Thus, by measuring the ratio of light to heavy oxygen in the
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bones of fossil whales, and comparing this to ratios found in extant
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organisms inhabiting freshwater or seawater environments, scientists
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were able to determine whether extinct whales likely lived in the sea
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or the land.
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