NUR 406 Final Exam Preparation Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hvx7go
1. Cells organelles: Great ideas for matching questions
2. Cell membrane: Allows for osmosis (free mvmt of water) and has selective permeability
3. Simple diffusion: Lipids & uncharged particles move freely
4. Facilitated diffusion: Uses carrier molecule but no energy is used
5. Active transport: Allows movement against concentration gradient using ATP
6. Mitochondria: Site of citric acid cycle and produces power using aerobic metabolism to create ATP
7. Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, & steroids; regulates intracellular Ca+, metabolism, & detoxification;
lacks ribosomes
8. Rough ER: Produces membrane proteins and enzymes; ribosomes attached; continuous with nuclear envelope;
folds new proteins
9. Lysosomes: Breaks down products for reuse; recycling & waste disposal; helps facilitate apoptosis
10. Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis; made of rRNA & proteins; attached to rough ER or free in cytoplasm
11. Nucleus: Stores the genetic code; coordinates cell activities; controls gene expression
12. Golgi Body: Modifies, sorts, and packs proteins & lipids for transport; packages products into vesicles; receives
products from rough ER & 'ships' them to the correct organelle
13. Cytoplasm: Site of glycolysis; place for cell work; made of water, electrolytes, protein, fats, and glycogen; holds
organelles in the cell; gel-like substance
14. Perfusion: Blood flow; examples include pulmonary embolism, heart failure, HTN
15. Ventilation: Air flow; examples include asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema
16. Glycogenolysis: Glycogen to glucose; release stored glucose
17. Glyconeogenesis: Creation of glucose from non-carb sources
18. Glycolysis: Glucose to pyruvate to ATP
19. Glycogenesis: Glucose to Glycogen; storage of glucose
20. Lipolysis: Triglycerides/fats to glycerol & free fatty acid; releases stored fat for energy when glucose is low
21. Atrophy: Reduction in cell size & number
22. Hypertrophy: Increase in size of cells
23. Hyperplasia: Increasing number of cells leading to larger tissue size
24. Metaplasia: Pathologic replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells
25. Dysplasia: Pathologic mutation of normal cells into abnormal cells
26. Osmosis: Passive transport; movement of water toward high solute concentration; moves down concentration
gradient
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, NUR 406 Final Exam Preparation Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hvx7go
27. Diffusion: Passive transport; movement of molecules from high to low concentration; moves down concentra-
tion gradient
28. Active transport: Requires energy (ATP); movement of molecules against concentration gradient
29. Endocytosis: Cell brings in material by folding membrane in on itself
30. Exocytosis: Cell releases material by merging vesicles with membrane
31. Phagocytosis: Type of endocytosis; cell eats large particles
32. Metabolic Acidosis: Kussmaul respirations, confusion, lethargy, N/V, low BP, warm flushed skin, cardiac
arrhythmias, weakness, fatigue due to kidney fail, DKA, diarrhea.
33. Metabolic Alkalosis: Slow shallow respirations, muscle cramps, paresthesia, dizziness, confusion, irritabil-
ity, tetany due to vomiting, diuretics, excessive antacid use.
34. Respiratory Acidosis: Rapid shallow breathing (hypoventilation), headache, drowsiness, confusion,
cyanosis, muscle weakness, hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmias due to COPD, drugs, pneumonia.
35. Respiratory Alkalosis: Rapid deep breathing (hyperventilation), lightheaded, paresthesia, anxiety/panic,
muscle spasms, palpitations due to anxiety, fever, pain, high altitude.
36. SIADH: High ADH.
37. Graves' Disease: High T3/T4.
38. Hashimoto's Disease: Low T3/T4.
39. Acromegaly: High GH.
40. Cushing's Syndrome: High cortisol & aldosterone.
41. Addison's Disease: Low cortisol & aldosterone.
42. Autosomal Dominant Conditions: Huntington's disease & Marfan syndrome.
43. Autosomal Recessive Conditions: Cystic fibrosis & sickle cell anemia.
44. X-Linked Conditions: Hemophilia & color blindness.
45. Cardiac Output Formula: CO = HR x SV.
46. Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Formula: CPP = MAP - ICP.
47. Steps of Hemostasis: 1. Vasoconstriction: Damaged blood vessel constricts to reduce blood loss through
smooth muscle contraction. 2. Platelet Plug: Platelets are activated to form a plug at site of injury. 3. Clot Formation:
Fibrin strands weave through platelet plug to make it stronger. 4. Clot Retraction: Platelets contract causing clot to shrink
and pull wound edges together. 5. Clot Resolution: Plasm digests fibrins to dissolve the clot. Leftover cells are cleared
by phagocytes.
48. Blood Flow Through Heart: Vena Cava > Right atrium > Tricuspid valve > Right ventricle > Pulmonary
valve > Lungs > Left atrium > Mitral Valve > Left ventricle > Aortic valve > body.
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Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hvx7go
1. Cells organelles: Great ideas for matching questions
2. Cell membrane: Allows for osmosis (free mvmt of water) and has selective permeability
3. Simple diffusion: Lipids & uncharged particles move freely
4. Facilitated diffusion: Uses carrier molecule but no energy is used
5. Active transport: Allows movement against concentration gradient using ATP
6. Mitochondria: Site of citric acid cycle and produces power using aerobic metabolism to create ATP
7. Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, & steroids; regulates intracellular Ca+, metabolism, & detoxification;
lacks ribosomes
8. Rough ER: Produces membrane proteins and enzymes; ribosomes attached; continuous with nuclear envelope;
folds new proteins
9. Lysosomes: Breaks down products for reuse; recycling & waste disposal; helps facilitate apoptosis
10. Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis; made of rRNA & proteins; attached to rough ER or free in cytoplasm
11. Nucleus: Stores the genetic code; coordinates cell activities; controls gene expression
12. Golgi Body: Modifies, sorts, and packs proteins & lipids for transport; packages products into vesicles; receives
products from rough ER & 'ships' them to the correct organelle
13. Cytoplasm: Site of glycolysis; place for cell work; made of water, electrolytes, protein, fats, and glycogen; holds
organelles in the cell; gel-like substance
14. Perfusion: Blood flow; examples include pulmonary embolism, heart failure, HTN
15. Ventilation: Air flow; examples include asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema
16. Glycogenolysis: Glycogen to glucose; release stored glucose
17. Glyconeogenesis: Creation of glucose from non-carb sources
18. Glycolysis: Glucose to pyruvate to ATP
19. Glycogenesis: Glucose to Glycogen; storage of glucose
20. Lipolysis: Triglycerides/fats to glycerol & free fatty acid; releases stored fat for energy when glucose is low
21. Atrophy: Reduction in cell size & number
22. Hypertrophy: Increase in size of cells
23. Hyperplasia: Increasing number of cells leading to larger tissue size
24. Metaplasia: Pathologic replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells
25. Dysplasia: Pathologic mutation of normal cells into abnormal cells
26. Osmosis: Passive transport; movement of water toward high solute concentration; moves down concentration
gradient
1/8
, NUR 406 Final Exam Preparation Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hvx7go
27. Diffusion: Passive transport; movement of molecules from high to low concentration; moves down concentra-
tion gradient
28. Active transport: Requires energy (ATP); movement of molecules against concentration gradient
29. Endocytosis: Cell brings in material by folding membrane in on itself
30. Exocytosis: Cell releases material by merging vesicles with membrane
31. Phagocytosis: Type of endocytosis; cell eats large particles
32. Metabolic Acidosis: Kussmaul respirations, confusion, lethargy, N/V, low BP, warm flushed skin, cardiac
arrhythmias, weakness, fatigue due to kidney fail, DKA, diarrhea.
33. Metabolic Alkalosis: Slow shallow respirations, muscle cramps, paresthesia, dizziness, confusion, irritabil-
ity, tetany due to vomiting, diuretics, excessive antacid use.
34. Respiratory Acidosis: Rapid shallow breathing (hypoventilation), headache, drowsiness, confusion,
cyanosis, muscle weakness, hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmias due to COPD, drugs, pneumonia.
35. Respiratory Alkalosis: Rapid deep breathing (hyperventilation), lightheaded, paresthesia, anxiety/panic,
muscle spasms, palpitations due to anxiety, fever, pain, high altitude.
36. SIADH: High ADH.
37. Graves' Disease: High T3/T4.
38. Hashimoto's Disease: Low T3/T4.
39. Acromegaly: High GH.
40. Cushing's Syndrome: High cortisol & aldosterone.
41. Addison's Disease: Low cortisol & aldosterone.
42. Autosomal Dominant Conditions: Huntington's disease & Marfan syndrome.
43. Autosomal Recessive Conditions: Cystic fibrosis & sickle cell anemia.
44. X-Linked Conditions: Hemophilia & color blindness.
45. Cardiac Output Formula: CO = HR x SV.
46. Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Formula: CPP = MAP - ICP.
47. Steps of Hemostasis: 1. Vasoconstriction: Damaged blood vessel constricts to reduce blood loss through
smooth muscle contraction. 2. Platelet Plug: Platelets are activated to form a plug at site of injury. 3. Clot Formation:
Fibrin strands weave through platelet plug to make it stronger. 4. Clot Retraction: Platelets contract causing clot to shrink
and pull wound edges together. 5. Clot Resolution: Plasm digests fibrins to dissolve the clot. Leftover cells are cleared
by phagocytes.
48. Blood Flow Through Heart: Vena Cava > Right atrium > Tricuspid valve > Right ventricle > Pulmonary
valve > Lungs > Left atrium > Mitral Valve > Left ventricle > Aortic valve > body.
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