NUR 305. Pathological
Processes...Exam 1
What is pathology - answer Study of the structural and functional changes in cells
tissues in organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease
What is pathophysiology? - answer Study of disease its affects on the structure and
function of the body
What is disease? - answer Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or
function of a part organ or system of the body that is manifested by characteristic set of
symptoms or signs
What is etiology - answer cause of disease
What does it mean to have an exogenous disease? - answer Means the disease occurs
outside the body
What is an example of an exogenous disease? - answerStrep and covid
What does it mean to have and endogenous disease? - answerMeans to have a
disease inside the body
What is an example of an endogenous disease? - answerType 1 diabetes
What is the subclinical stage of a disease? - answerA person is exposed but can't tell
something is wrong until extensive damage is done with no symptoms present
What is the clinical stage of a disease - answerWhat a person has evidence or
symptoms that a disease is present
Is a patients complaint subjective or objective data? - answerSubjective
Are symptoms a patient is experiencing subjective or objective? - answerSubjective
Are the signs of a disease objective or subjective - answerObjective
Is pain subjective or objective - answersubjective
What is an example of a subjective change? - answerNausea
What is an example of an objective change - answerVomiting
,What makes a sign of a disease objective? - answerThe objective data taken from the
patient is measurable
What is a lesion - answerA structural change in the body that is visible and palpable
What is a sequelae - answerIs a new condition that arises from a previous disease
infection or injury
What is an example of a sequelae - answerA patient with impaired mobility after having
polio
What is a complication - answerA separate condition that arises from the original
condition that is not expected
What is a resolution - answerWhen a client returns to regular without sequelae or
complications
What is protoplasm - answerInternal components that make up cells of living organisms
What are the components of protoplasm - answerWater, proteins, lipids, carbs, and
electrolytes
Is the nucleus surrounded by a single or double membrane - answerDouble
What is cellular adaptation - answerCells that adapt to changes in their internal
environment including changes in size, number, and type
What is atrophy - answerWhen cells are under attack they may decrease their size or
mass by eating themselves called autophagocytosis
What are worn out cells eaten by - answerThe cytoplasmic reticulum
What is hypertrophy? - answerCells doing their job but altering how it's done but
enlarging cells thus increasing their abilities. The same number of cells remain they just
get larger in size
What two organs are negatively affected by hypertrophy - answerHeart and kidneys
What two supplemental organs hypertrophy during pregnancy causing a positive effect.
- answerUterus and mammary glands
When do the heart and kidney muscles begin to hypertrophy - answerWhen they are
overworked they become enlarged
,What is hyperplasia? - answerCellular division that may result in a gross enlargement of
an organ due to increased number of cells
What is a neoplasia - answerA growth of cells that are cancerous
What is metaplasia? - answerThe replacement of one mature cell type from another
less mature cell type due to chronic physical or chemical irritation
What is an example of metaplasia - answerSmoking is an example because it causes
mucus producing columnar cells to change to squamous cells
Metaplasia reversible, T or F - answerTrue
What is dysplagia? - answerderange cell growth in size, shape, and organization of
structure that involves overgrowth of immature cells taking nutrition from mature cells
What is hypoxia? - answerlack of sufficient oxygen
What are the four causes of hypoxia - answer-Decreased O2 in the air
-Decreased production of red blood cells
-Respiratory or cardiac failure
-Decreased hemoglobin
Does respiratory failure mean a patient is not breathing? T or F - answerFalse, it means
the patient is breathing but not moving oxygen well
What is the percent of oxygen in normal room air - answer21% oxygen
What is ischemia? - answerhypoxia related to decreased blood lose
what is anoxia - answera total lack of oxygen
what is an example of anoxia - answera knot in the umbilical cord during pregnancy
What is an infarction - answerCellular death due to decreased blood supply, leading to
decreased O2
what is a chemical injury - answerwhen a toxic substance interacts with the plasma
membrane and increases the permeability of the cell
what is an example of a chemical injury - answerarsenic or cyanide
What happens when you have a chemical injury - answerenzymes can be inactivated
and interfere with brain development and nerve transmission
How do infectious agents damage the cells - answer- Invade and destroy the cells
, - Produce toxins
- Produce hypersensitivity reactions such as rashes
Are endotoxins gram negative or positive? (Look at the n) - answerNegative
Are exotoxins gram negative or positive? - answerPositive
what are examples of endotoxins - answerE.Coli, Serratia, Pseudomonas
what are examples of exotoxins - answerC.botulinum, C.Tetani, streptococcus
Antivirals completely kill the virus? T or F - answerFalse
What does it mean when a virus is encapsulated - answerthat the virus is resistant to
phagocytosis and our bodies can't naturally fight it off
what is the major structural unit of a cell - answerproteins
how does nonionizing radiation affect your body - answeratoms and molecules will
vibrate and rotate due to thermal radar and microwaves
what does ionizing radiation do to cells - answerit immediately kills cells
How does hypothermia work? - answerIt causes vasoconstriction and cells to freeze
what kills a person faster, hyperthermia or hypothermia? - answerhyperthermia
what is a blast injury - answeran injury related to atmospheric pressure and the
compressive waves of air against the body, thus rupturing internal organs or breaking
bones
what is an example of a mechanical injury - answerlower back injury or hearing loss
what is an example of a blast injury - answergunshot
what is a mechanical injury - answeran injury that causes a person to lose the function
of an organ or bodily process
what are the three mechanism of cell injury - answer- Free radical formation
- Hypoxia and ATP depletion
- Disruption if intracellular calcium homeostasis
What is a free radical injury - answerIt is when a molecule has an odd number of
electrons leaving open a highly reactive connection site. These reactive connection
sites form bond with other electrons to perform processes such as inflammation,
breaking down lipids and proteins, and energy generation.
Processes...Exam 1
What is pathology - answer Study of the structural and functional changes in cells
tissues in organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease
What is pathophysiology? - answer Study of disease its affects on the structure and
function of the body
What is disease? - answer Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or
function of a part organ or system of the body that is manifested by characteristic set of
symptoms or signs
What is etiology - answer cause of disease
What does it mean to have an exogenous disease? - answer Means the disease occurs
outside the body
What is an example of an exogenous disease? - answerStrep and covid
What does it mean to have and endogenous disease? - answerMeans to have a
disease inside the body
What is an example of an endogenous disease? - answerType 1 diabetes
What is the subclinical stage of a disease? - answerA person is exposed but can't tell
something is wrong until extensive damage is done with no symptoms present
What is the clinical stage of a disease - answerWhat a person has evidence or
symptoms that a disease is present
Is a patients complaint subjective or objective data? - answerSubjective
Are symptoms a patient is experiencing subjective or objective? - answerSubjective
Are the signs of a disease objective or subjective - answerObjective
Is pain subjective or objective - answersubjective
What is an example of a subjective change? - answerNausea
What is an example of an objective change - answerVomiting
,What makes a sign of a disease objective? - answerThe objective data taken from the
patient is measurable
What is a lesion - answerA structural change in the body that is visible and palpable
What is a sequelae - answerIs a new condition that arises from a previous disease
infection or injury
What is an example of a sequelae - answerA patient with impaired mobility after having
polio
What is a complication - answerA separate condition that arises from the original
condition that is not expected
What is a resolution - answerWhen a client returns to regular without sequelae or
complications
What is protoplasm - answerInternal components that make up cells of living organisms
What are the components of protoplasm - answerWater, proteins, lipids, carbs, and
electrolytes
Is the nucleus surrounded by a single or double membrane - answerDouble
What is cellular adaptation - answerCells that adapt to changes in their internal
environment including changes in size, number, and type
What is atrophy - answerWhen cells are under attack they may decrease their size or
mass by eating themselves called autophagocytosis
What are worn out cells eaten by - answerThe cytoplasmic reticulum
What is hypertrophy? - answerCells doing their job but altering how it's done but
enlarging cells thus increasing their abilities. The same number of cells remain they just
get larger in size
What two organs are negatively affected by hypertrophy - answerHeart and kidneys
What two supplemental organs hypertrophy during pregnancy causing a positive effect.
- answerUterus and mammary glands
When do the heart and kidney muscles begin to hypertrophy - answerWhen they are
overworked they become enlarged
,What is hyperplasia? - answerCellular division that may result in a gross enlargement of
an organ due to increased number of cells
What is a neoplasia - answerA growth of cells that are cancerous
What is metaplasia? - answerThe replacement of one mature cell type from another
less mature cell type due to chronic physical or chemical irritation
What is an example of metaplasia - answerSmoking is an example because it causes
mucus producing columnar cells to change to squamous cells
Metaplasia reversible, T or F - answerTrue
What is dysplagia? - answerderange cell growth in size, shape, and organization of
structure that involves overgrowth of immature cells taking nutrition from mature cells
What is hypoxia? - answerlack of sufficient oxygen
What are the four causes of hypoxia - answer-Decreased O2 in the air
-Decreased production of red blood cells
-Respiratory or cardiac failure
-Decreased hemoglobin
Does respiratory failure mean a patient is not breathing? T or F - answerFalse, it means
the patient is breathing but not moving oxygen well
What is the percent of oxygen in normal room air - answer21% oxygen
What is ischemia? - answerhypoxia related to decreased blood lose
what is anoxia - answera total lack of oxygen
what is an example of anoxia - answera knot in the umbilical cord during pregnancy
What is an infarction - answerCellular death due to decreased blood supply, leading to
decreased O2
what is a chemical injury - answerwhen a toxic substance interacts with the plasma
membrane and increases the permeability of the cell
what is an example of a chemical injury - answerarsenic or cyanide
What happens when you have a chemical injury - answerenzymes can be inactivated
and interfere with brain development and nerve transmission
How do infectious agents damage the cells - answer- Invade and destroy the cells
, - Produce toxins
- Produce hypersensitivity reactions such as rashes
Are endotoxins gram negative or positive? (Look at the n) - answerNegative
Are exotoxins gram negative or positive? - answerPositive
what are examples of endotoxins - answerE.Coli, Serratia, Pseudomonas
what are examples of exotoxins - answerC.botulinum, C.Tetani, streptococcus
Antivirals completely kill the virus? T or F - answerFalse
What does it mean when a virus is encapsulated - answerthat the virus is resistant to
phagocytosis and our bodies can't naturally fight it off
what is the major structural unit of a cell - answerproteins
how does nonionizing radiation affect your body - answeratoms and molecules will
vibrate and rotate due to thermal radar and microwaves
what does ionizing radiation do to cells - answerit immediately kills cells
How does hypothermia work? - answerIt causes vasoconstriction and cells to freeze
what kills a person faster, hyperthermia or hypothermia? - answerhyperthermia
what is a blast injury - answeran injury related to atmospheric pressure and the
compressive waves of air against the body, thus rupturing internal organs or breaking
bones
what is an example of a mechanical injury - answerlower back injury or hearing loss
what is an example of a blast injury - answergunshot
what is a mechanical injury - answeran injury that causes a person to lose the function
of an organ or bodily process
what are the three mechanism of cell injury - answer- Free radical formation
- Hypoxia and ATP depletion
- Disruption if intracellular calcium homeostasis
What is a free radical injury - answerIt is when a molecule has an odd number of
electrons leaving open a highly reactive connection site. These reactive connection
sites form bond with other electrons to perform processes such as inflammation,
breaking down lipids and proteins, and energy generation.
