NR302 TYPES OF ASSESSME
gi gi gi
NTS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDIES EXAM 2
Whatgiaregithegisignsgiandgisymptomsgiofgipericarditis?gi-gianswer--
Sharpgistabbinggipain,giworsensgiwithgicoughinggiorgiswallowing,gidifficultygibreathinggiwhengilyinggidown
Whatgiaregicausesgiofgipericarditis?giWhatgidoesgiisgioftengipairgiwith?gi-gianswer--
Certaingiautoimmunegiviruses,giviralgiinfections,gietc.gi
RA
Whatgiaregitwogicausesgiofgi"muffled"giheartgisounds?gi-gianswer--RAgiandgiRheumatoidgiHeartgiDisease
Thegilungsgiaregicongestedgiandgithegipericardiumgiisgiinflamed,gimakinggithegiheartgibeatgisoundgi"muffled"
Whatgiaregithegitestsgithatgiaregidonegiforgipericarditis?gi-gianswer--ChestgiX-
raygi(enlargedgiheartgiandgicongestedgilungs),giEKG,giEchocardiogram,giMRIgiorgiCTgi(couldgishowgithickenedgipericardi
m),giCardiacgicatheterization,gibloodgitestsgi(togidismissgiheartgiattack)
Whatgiaregitreatmentsgiforgipericarditis?gi-gianswer--NSAIDs,giantigifungalgidrugs,giantibacterialgidrugs
WhatgiisgiangiexcessgiofgiRBCgiingithegibloodstream?gi-gianswer--Polycythemia
Whygiisgianemiagisogidangerous?gi-gianswer--
RBCsgicarrygioxygen,gidecreasedgiRBCgimeansgidecreasedgiO2gilevelsgiingithegiblood
WhatgiaregithegiRBCgisizes/volumes?gi-gianswer--Normocytic-ginormalgiingisizegi&gihemoglobingilevels
Microcytic-giSmallergiingisizegi&gihemoglobingilevels
Macrocytic-gilargergiingisizegi&gihemoglobingilevels
WhatgiaregithegidifferentgiRBCgihemoglobin/colors?gi-gianswer--Normochromic-ginormalgicolor/hemoglobingilevels
Hypochromic-gipale/lowgihemoglobingilevels
Cindygiisgiagi22giy/
ogiCaucasiangifemalegiwhogipresentedgitogithegiERgiduegitoginauseagiandgivomitinggiforgithegipastgi5gidays.giHergihistorygiin
udedgiprogressivegifatiguegiforgithegipastgi7gimonths,gidecreasedgiappetitegiandgiagilossgiofgi8gipoundsgiovergithegipastgimo
h.giShegialsogicomplainedgiofgipoorgiconcentration.giPhysicalgiexamgishowedgidrygiskingiandgi"darkening"giofgithegiskingiin
everalgiplacesgiandgiagiBPgiofgi94/50.giExplaingithegimostgilikelygipathology.giIncludegithegihormone(s)giinvolvedgiandgiifgith
giaregiincreasedgiorgidecreased.gi-gianswer--Primarygihypoadrenalism-gidarkeninggiofgithegiskin
Agi56giy/
ogiHispanicgimalegiwasgirushedgibygiambulancegitogithegiERgiwithgibleedinggifromgithegimouth.giPhysicalgiexamgiexcluded
nygiphysicalgidamagegifromgithegimouthgibutgithegipatientgicomplainedgiofgifatiguegiandginauseagiandgivomitinggiforgithegip
gi3gidays.giHegihasgigeneralizedgiedemagiandgijaundice.giBleedinggifromgithegiesophagusgiwasgistoppedgibeforegilabgitest
showedgiincreasedgiALT,giASTgiandgibilirubin.giThegipatientgideniedgianygialcoholgiuse.giWhatgiothergicausesgimightgiyou
antgitogilookgifor?gi-gianswer--
NASH,gicirrhosis,gipossiblegipancreatitisgi(bilegiobstruction),giNSAIDgiusegi(chronic),gigallstones,giHepgiBgi&giC,giETOH
1gi/gi9
, NR302 TYPES OF ASSESSME
gi gi gi
NTS
Thegipatientgiisgisufferinggifromgidyspnea,gihasgiedema,giandgihegihasgiimpairedgidiastolicgifilling.giWhatgiisgithegipatientgis
eringgifrom?gi-gianswer--Hypertrophicgicardiomyopathy
Patientgipresentsgiwithgifatigue,giisgirapidlygigaininggiweight,githegithyroidgiisgienlarged,gishegihasgilowgiT3/4,giandgiTSH.giW
atgiisgihergicondition?gi-gianswer--Secondarygiorgitertiarygihypothyroidism
Thegipatientgiisgisufferinggifromgiconfusiongiandgimemorygiloss.giHergiheartgiisgienlargedgi(huge).giWhatgiisgishegisuffering
omgiandgiwhatgiisgihergivitamingideficiency?gi-gianswer--Dilatedgicardiomyopathygi&giB12gideficiency
ThegipatientgihasgiCOPD,gihasgitroublegiexercisinggi(cyanotic).giThegirightgisidegiofgihisgiheartgiisgilarge.giWhatgidoesgihegih
ve?gi-gianswer--Corgipulmonale
Thegipatientgipresentsgiwithgisharpgichestgipaingiwhengiworkinggiout,giincreasedgihisgiproteingiintakegiwithgisteakgi&gieggsg
rgibreakfast,giheartgiauscultationgirevealsgiaginormalgiheartgibeat,giandgipaingiongichestgipalpationgineargisternum.giWhatgi
hisgicondition?gi-gianswer--Costochondritis
Agipatientgihasgipelvicgipaingiduringgieachgimenstrualgicycle.giAgilaparoscopygishowedgiendometrialgiimplants.giWhatgiisgi
egimostgilikelygisufferinggifrom?gi-gianswer--Endometriosis
ABG'sgishowgiagipHgiofgi6.9giwithgibluegilipsgi(cyanotic).giThegibloodgipCO2giisgi58giandgiHCO3giisgi35.giWhatgiisgihergiacid-
basegicondition?gi-gianswer--Compensatedgirespiratorygiacidosis
ThegipatientgipresentsgiwithgifatiguegiandgihasgirecentlygibeengidiagnosedgiwithgiDIgiandgihasgibeengiusinggimedication.giS
egipresentsgiwithgibilateralgifingergitinglinggiandgihergiRBCsgilookgiabnormallygibiggiandginormochromic.giWhatgivitamingiis
hegideficientgiof?gi-gianswer--B12gideficiencygi(perniciousgianemia)
31giy/
ogipresentsgiwithgiorthostaticgihypotension,gihergiheartgirategiisgielevated,gishegihasgiagiheavygimenstrualgicyclegieverygim
th,giandgihergifingernailsgiaregi"bent."giDescribegihergiMCV,giRBCs,giandgiMCH.gi-gianswer--LowgiMCV,giLowgiMCH--
smallgiandgipalegiRBC
Thegipatientgihasgiatherosclerosis,gishegihasgiagiconnectivegitissuegidiseasegi(marfan's),giandgishegismokesgi3gipacksgiag
ygiforgithegipastgi10giyears.giBraingiimagegiappearsgitogihavegiagibleedgiingiit.giWhatgiwasgihergiBPgiyesterday?gi-gianswer--
BPgiwasgihighgi(Berrygianeurysm)
Thegipatientgihasgiagibleedinggiproblemgiandgihasgiusedgiupgiallgiofgihergiclottinggifactors.giWhatgispecificgifactor(s)gicouldgi
atgibe?gi-gianswer--Factorgi8giorgiFactorgi9
Patientgipresentsgiwithgisharpgichestgipaingiwhengiworkinggiout,gihasgilowgiBP,gihypoventilatinggiandgilowgiBodygitemp.giH
hasginogithyroidgianymore.giWhatgiisgihegisufferinggifrom?gi-gianswer--Primarygihypothyroidism
Thegipatientgiisgipregnant,giverygipale,gibloodgiworkgishowsgiincreasedgiMCVgiandgiMCH,gishegihasginogineurologicalgipro
ems.giHergichildgicouldgidevelopgispinagibifidagibecausegiofgiagilackgiof...gi-gianswer--Folate
66giy/
ogipresentsgiwithgifatigue,gihasgirecentlygibeengiexposedgitogiTB,gilabsgishowgihyponatremia,gihyperkalemia,giandgihypog
cemiagiandgihasgiverygipigmentedgipatchesgiofgiskin.giWhatgidoesgithisgipatientgihave?gi-gianswer--Addison'sgidisease
Thegipatientgibleedsgieasilygiwhengihegigetsgipunchedgiingithegiface.giHegiisgideficientgiofgiFactorgi8,gigeneticgitestinggishow
angix-linkedgirecessivegiinheritance.giWhatgigeneticgiimperfectiongidoesgihegihave?gi-gianswer--Hemophilia
2gi/gi9
gi gi gi
NTS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDIES EXAM 2
Whatgiaregithegisignsgiandgisymptomsgiofgipericarditis?gi-gianswer--
Sharpgistabbinggipain,giworsensgiwithgicoughinggiorgiswallowing,gidifficultygibreathinggiwhengilyinggidown
Whatgiaregicausesgiofgipericarditis?giWhatgidoesgiisgioftengipairgiwith?gi-gianswer--
Certaingiautoimmunegiviruses,giviralgiinfections,gietc.gi
RA
Whatgiaregitwogicausesgiofgi"muffled"giheartgisounds?gi-gianswer--RAgiandgiRheumatoidgiHeartgiDisease
Thegilungsgiaregicongestedgiandgithegipericardiumgiisgiinflamed,gimakinggithegiheartgibeatgisoundgi"muffled"
Whatgiaregithegitestsgithatgiaregidonegiforgipericarditis?gi-gianswer--ChestgiX-
raygi(enlargedgiheartgiandgicongestedgilungs),giEKG,giEchocardiogram,giMRIgiorgiCTgi(couldgishowgithickenedgipericardi
m),giCardiacgicatheterization,gibloodgitestsgi(togidismissgiheartgiattack)
Whatgiaregitreatmentsgiforgipericarditis?gi-gianswer--NSAIDs,giantigifungalgidrugs,giantibacterialgidrugs
WhatgiisgiangiexcessgiofgiRBCgiingithegibloodstream?gi-gianswer--Polycythemia
Whygiisgianemiagisogidangerous?gi-gianswer--
RBCsgicarrygioxygen,gidecreasedgiRBCgimeansgidecreasedgiO2gilevelsgiingithegiblood
WhatgiaregithegiRBCgisizes/volumes?gi-gianswer--Normocytic-ginormalgiingisizegi&gihemoglobingilevels
Microcytic-giSmallergiingisizegi&gihemoglobingilevels
Macrocytic-gilargergiingisizegi&gihemoglobingilevels
WhatgiaregithegidifferentgiRBCgihemoglobin/colors?gi-gianswer--Normochromic-ginormalgicolor/hemoglobingilevels
Hypochromic-gipale/lowgihemoglobingilevels
Cindygiisgiagi22giy/
ogiCaucasiangifemalegiwhogipresentedgitogithegiERgiduegitoginauseagiandgivomitinggiforgithegipastgi5gidays.giHergihistorygiin
udedgiprogressivegifatiguegiforgithegipastgi7gimonths,gidecreasedgiappetitegiandgiagilossgiofgi8gipoundsgiovergithegipastgimo
h.giShegialsogicomplainedgiofgipoorgiconcentration.giPhysicalgiexamgishowedgidrygiskingiandgi"darkening"giofgithegiskingiin
everalgiplacesgiandgiagiBPgiofgi94/50.giExplaingithegimostgilikelygipathology.giIncludegithegihormone(s)giinvolvedgiandgiifgith
giaregiincreasedgiorgidecreased.gi-gianswer--Primarygihypoadrenalism-gidarkeninggiofgithegiskin
Agi56giy/
ogiHispanicgimalegiwasgirushedgibygiambulancegitogithegiERgiwithgibleedinggifromgithegimouth.giPhysicalgiexamgiexcluded
nygiphysicalgidamagegifromgithegimouthgibutgithegipatientgicomplainedgiofgifatiguegiandginauseagiandgivomitinggiforgithegip
gi3gidays.giHegihasgigeneralizedgiedemagiandgijaundice.giBleedinggifromgithegiesophagusgiwasgistoppedgibeforegilabgitest
showedgiincreasedgiALT,giASTgiandgibilirubin.giThegipatientgideniedgianygialcoholgiuse.giWhatgiothergicausesgimightgiyou
antgitogilookgifor?gi-gianswer--
NASH,gicirrhosis,gipossiblegipancreatitisgi(bilegiobstruction),giNSAIDgiusegi(chronic),gigallstones,giHepgiBgi&giC,giETOH
1gi/gi9
, NR302 TYPES OF ASSESSME
gi gi gi
NTS
Thegipatientgiisgisufferinggifromgidyspnea,gihasgiedema,giandgihegihasgiimpairedgidiastolicgifilling.giWhatgiisgithegipatientgis
eringgifrom?gi-gianswer--Hypertrophicgicardiomyopathy
Patientgipresentsgiwithgifatigue,giisgirapidlygigaininggiweight,githegithyroidgiisgienlarged,gishegihasgilowgiT3/4,giandgiTSH.giW
atgiisgihergicondition?gi-gianswer--Secondarygiorgitertiarygihypothyroidism
Thegipatientgiisgisufferinggifromgiconfusiongiandgimemorygiloss.giHergiheartgiisgienlargedgi(huge).giWhatgiisgishegisuffering
omgiandgiwhatgiisgihergivitamingideficiency?gi-gianswer--Dilatedgicardiomyopathygi&giB12gideficiency
ThegipatientgihasgiCOPD,gihasgitroublegiexercisinggi(cyanotic).giThegirightgisidegiofgihisgiheartgiisgilarge.giWhatgidoesgihegih
ve?gi-gianswer--Corgipulmonale
Thegipatientgipresentsgiwithgisharpgichestgipaingiwhengiworkinggiout,giincreasedgihisgiproteingiintakegiwithgisteakgi&gieggsg
rgibreakfast,giheartgiauscultationgirevealsgiaginormalgiheartgibeat,giandgipaingiongichestgipalpationgineargisternum.giWhatgi
hisgicondition?gi-gianswer--Costochondritis
Agipatientgihasgipelvicgipaingiduringgieachgimenstrualgicycle.giAgilaparoscopygishowedgiendometrialgiimplants.giWhatgiisgi
egimostgilikelygisufferinggifrom?gi-gianswer--Endometriosis
ABG'sgishowgiagipHgiofgi6.9giwithgibluegilipsgi(cyanotic).giThegibloodgipCO2giisgi58giandgiHCO3giisgi35.giWhatgiisgihergiacid-
basegicondition?gi-gianswer--Compensatedgirespiratorygiacidosis
ThegipatientgipresentsgiwithgifatiguegiandgihasgirecentlygibeengidiagnosedgiwithgiDIgiandgihasgibeengiusinggimedication.giS
egipresentsgiwithgibilateralgifingergitinglinggiandgihergiRBCsgilookgiabnormallygibiggiandginormochromic.giWhatgivitamingiis
hegideficientgiof?gi-gianswer--B12gideficiencygi(perniciousgianemia)
31giy/
ogipresentsgiwithgiorthostaticgihypotension,gihergiheartgirategiisgielevated,gishegihasgiagiheavygimenstrualgicyclegieverygim
th,giandgihergifingernailsgiaregi"bent."giDescribegihergiMCV,giRBCs,giandgiMCH.gi-gianswer--LowgiMCV,giLowgiMCH--
smallgiandgipalegiRBC
Thegipatientgihasgiatherosclerosis,gishegihasgiagiconnectivegitissuegidiseasegi(marfan's),giandgishegismokesgi3gipacksgiag
ygiforgithegipastgi10giyears.giBraingiimagegiappearsgitogihavegiagibleedgiingiit.giWhatgiwasgihergiBPgiyesterday?gi-gianswer--
BPgiwasgihighgi(Berrygianeurysm)
Thegipatientgihasgiagibleedinggiproblemgiandgihasgiusedgiupgiallgiofgihergiclottinggifactors.giWhatgispecificgifactor(s)gicouldgi
atgibe?gi-gianswer--Factorgi8giorgiFactorgi9
Patientgipresentsgiwithgisharpgichestgipaingiwhengiworkinggiout,gihasgilowgiBP,gihypoventilatinggiandgilowgiBodygitemp.giH
hasginogithyroidgianymore.giWhatgiisgihegisufferinggifrom?gi-gianswer--Primarygihypothyroidism
Thegipatientgiisgipregnant,giverygipale,gibloodgiworkgishowsgiincreasedgiMCVgiandgiMCH,gishegihasginogineurologicalgipro
ems.giHergichildgicouldgidevelopgispinagibifidagibecausegiofgiagilackgiof...gi-gianswer--Folate
66giy/
ogipresentsgiwithgifatigue,gihasgirecentlygibeengiexposedgitogiTB,gilabsgishowgihyponatremia,gihyperkalemia,giandgihypog
cemiagiandgihasgiverygipigmentedgipatchesgiofgiskin.giWhatgidoesgithisgipatientgihave?gi-gianswer--Addison'sgidisease
Thegipatientgibleedsgieasilygiwhengihegigetsgipunchedgiingithegiface.giHegiisgideficientgiofgiFactorgi8,gigeneticgitestinggishow
angix-linkedgirecessivegiinheritance.giWhatgigeneticgiimperfectiongidoesgihegihave?gi-gianswer--Hemophilia
2gi/gi9
