NUR 426 Community health Exam 3
What are the three critical areas of environmental risk factors? - answer safe air quality
conditions, safe water supplies, and safe soils in a nations farming industry
What do public health professionals use to reduce risk associated with what we breathe
and ingest? - answer education, engineering, and enforcement
What is demography? - answer studying person related variables in a population of
interests over two or more time periods with the goal of finding trends
What is life expectancy? - answer The average a number of years a newborn can
expect to live at current mortality levels.
What are biostatistics? - answerlooks at variations in data between humans; helps us
study health and wellness
How are demography and biostatistics significant in epidemiology? - answer- helps us
to understand epidemiology (incidence, distribution, and possible control) of diseases in
various populations
- if we can see trends in demography, biostatistics, mortality, and life expectancy this
can help us to better determine health inequities and what we can do to provide
equitable care on a population level
where do we get demographic data? - answercensus, community level data, national
surveys
what variables are considered demographic data? - answerage, gender, and ethnicity
what are the three CONSTANTS of the epidemiological triangle? - answerperson
(demographics), place (city/country), time
what is surveillance and what is the purpose of surveillance data collection of
communicable diseases? - answer- ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of
health related data
- helps us to predict when/where/severity of a communicable disease so we can stop
the disease process and protect more people
What is genomics? ethical dilemmas? - answer- looking at the genetic epidemiology of
diseases AKA genes that affect if someone does or doesn't develop a disease
- protection against discrimination may be difficult
What is infectivity? - answerhow easily an organism causes disease
, What is the difference between infectivity and virulence? - answerinfectivity is how easy
people catch the disease, virulence is how sick it makes the person
ex: colds have high infectivity but low virulence
What is the secondary attack/response rate? - answernumber of new cases among
contacts of new cases divided by total number of population at risk
ex: if four people at a retirement center tested positive for covid after being exposed to a
confirmed covid positive visitor and we divided it by the total number of people in the
retirement center unit without the covid vaccine (50) we would get the secondary attack
rate of 8%
What is the disease prevalence? how is it calculated? - answer- number of accumulated
cases of a disease including new and pre-existing at one time
- number of existing cases divided by the total people in a population
ex: 200 students at ABC college out of the total 600 students reported having anxiety at
some point since beginning college (200/600)= 33% prevalence rate of anxiety in
students at ABC college
What is the incidence of a disease? - answernumber of NEW cases of a disease at a
specific time or period of time divided by the total number at risk during that time
example: 10 students at ABC college out of the total 600 students tested positive for the
flu in the past three days (10/600)= 1.7% incidence rate
what is the main difference between prevalence rate and incidence rate? -
answerprevalence includes new and old cases while incidence includes only the new
cases
what are examples of active surveilance? - answerinterviewing healthcare providers,
reviewing medical records, surveying those exposed to an infectious agent
what are the three VARIABLE components of the epidemiology triangle? - answerhost:
susceptible organism
agent: biological (microbe/parasite), chemical (drugs/pesticides), nutritive
(cholesterol/fried foods), physical (natural disasters/car wrecks), or psychological
(stress)
environment: external factors that affect vulnerability to the disease such as peer use of
drugs or availability of produce
What is the difference between communicable and noncommunicable diseases? -
answer- communicable: spreads from one person to another but doesn't usually result
in long term health consequences
- noncommunicable: not caused by infection and results in long term consequences
requiring long term treatment and care
What are the three critical areas of environmental risk factors? - answer safe air quality
conditions, safe water supplies, and safe soils in a nations farming industry
What do public health professionals use to reduce risk associated with what we breathe
and ingest? - answer education, engineering, and enforcement
What is demography? - answer studying person related variables in a population of
interests over two or more time periods with the goal of finding trends
What is life expectancy? - answer The average a number of years a newborn can
expect to live at current mortality levels.
What are biostatistics? - answerlooks at variations in data between humans; helps us
study health and wellness
How are demography and biostatistics significant in epidemiology? - answer- helps us
to understand epidemiology (incidence, distribution, and possible control) of diseases in
various populations
- if we can see trends in demography, biostatistics, mortality, and life expectancy this
can help us to better determine health inequities and what we can do to provide
equitable care on a population level
where do we get demographic data? - answercensus, community level data, national
surveys
what variables are considered demographic data? - answerage, gender, and ethnicity
what are the three CONSTANTS of the epidemiological triangle? - answerperson
(demographics), place (city/country), time
what is surveillance and what is the purpose of surveillance data collection of
communicable diseases? - answer- ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of
health related data
- helps us to predict when/where/severity of a communicable disease so we can stop
the disease process and protect more people
What is genomics? ethical dilemmas? - answer- looking at the genetic epidemiology of
diseases AKA genes that affect if someone does or doesn't develop a disease
- protection against discrimination may be difficult
What is infectivity? - answerhow easily an organism causes disease
, What is the difference between infectivity and virulence? - answerinfectivity is how easy
people catch the disease, virulence is how sick it makes the person
ex: colds have high infectivity but low virulence
What is the secondary attack/response rate? - answernumber of new cases among
contacts of new cases divided by total number of population at risk
ex: if four people at a retirement center tested positive for covid after being exposed to a
confirmed covid positive visitor and we divided it by the total number of people in the
retirement center unit without the covid vaccine (50) we would get the secondary attack
rate of 8%
What is the disease prevalence? how is it calculated? - answer- number of accumulated
cases of a disease including new and pre-existing at one time
- number of existing cases divided by the total people in a population
ex: 200 students at ABC college out of the total 600 students reported having anxiety at
some point since beginning college (200/600)= 33% prevalence rate of anxiety in
students at ABC college
What is the incidence of a disease? - answernumber of NEW cases of a disease at a
specific time or period of time divided by the total number at risk during that time
example: 10 students at ABC college out of the total 600 students tested positive for the
flu in the past three days (10/600)= 1.7% incidence rate
what is the main difference between prevalence rate and incidence rate? -
answerprevalence includes new and old cases while incidence includes only the new
cases
what are examples of active surveilance? - answerinterviewing healthcare providers,
reviewing medical records, surveying those exposed to an infectious agent
what are the three VARIABLE components of the epidemiology triangle? - answerhost:
susceptible organism
agent: biological (microbe/parasite), chemical (drugs/pesticides), nutritive
(cholesterol/fried foods), physical (natural disasters/car wrecks), or psychological
(stress)
environment: external factors that affect vulnerability to the disease such as peer use of
drugs or availability of produce
What is the difference between communicable and noncommunicable diseases? -
answer- communicable: spreads from one person to another but doesn't usually result
in long term health consequences
- noncommunicable: not caused by infection and results in long term consequences
requiring long term treatment and care
