EXSC 224 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
1. sensory input: information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
2. integration: interpretation of sensory input
3. motor output: activation of ettector organs (i.e..muscles glands) and produces a response
4. What are the 2 principal cell types in the nervous system?: neuroglia, neurons
5. neuroglia: (glial cells)--supporting cells...there are 6 ditterent kinds
6. neurons: excitable cells that transmit information at synapses signals
7. astrocytes: In the CNA; help determine capillary permeability; most abundant, versatile, and highly branched
glial cells
8. microglia: CNS glial cells--small, have thorny processes, migrate toward injured neurons, they consume mi-
croorganisms and neuronal debris
9. ependymal cells: CNS glial cells--line the cavities of brain and spinal column, separate CNS interstitial fluid
from CSF, produce CSF at choroid plexuses
10. oligodendrocytes: CNS glial cells--branched, processes wrap around multiple axon in CNS to form myelin
sheaths
11. What is the demyelination in the CNS?: multiple sclerosis
12. satellite cells: PNS glial cells- surround neuron cell bodies, form myelin
13. schwann cells: (neurolemmocytes) surround peripheral nerve fibers, form myelin sheaths
14. Which cell type is vital for the regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve
fibers?: schwann cells
15. neurons: primary cell in the nervous system
16. special characteristics of neurons: long lived, amitotic, high metabolic rate (fuel of oxygen and
glucose), plasma membrane has several functions
17. neuron plasma membrane functions: electrical signaling, cell-to-cell interactions during devel-
opment
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,18. What are the three things that the nervous system does?: sensory input, integration,
motor output
19. neuron cell body: biosynthetic center and receptive region
20. nissl bodies: rough ER
21. axon hillock: cone-shaped area from which axon arises
22. tracts: dendrites and axons in the CNS
23. nerves: dendrites and axons in the PNS
24. dendrites: receptive region, short, tapering, convey input toward the cell body--graded potentials
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, 25. axon: one per cell, numerous terminal branches, generates and transmits impulses (action potentials)
26. myelin sheath: protein-lipoid sheath around axons--protect, insulates, and speeds up nerve impulse trans-
mission
27. True or false: all neurons are myelinated: FALSE
28. myelin sheaths in the PNS are made up of what kind of cells?: schwann cells
29. myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by...: processes of oligodendrocytes, thinnest fibers
are unmyelinated
30. white matter: dense collections of myelinated fibers
31. gray matter: mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
32. What are the three functions of Neurons?: 1. highly irritable
2. respond to adequate stimulus=generate action potential (AP)
3. AP always same regardless of stimulus size
33. Are there more positive charges inside or outside the cell?: more + charges outside
the cell
34. What is required to separate opposite charges across a membrane?: energy
35. If opposite charges are separated, the system has : potential energy
36. Energy is when the charges move toward one another: liberated
37. voltage (v): measure of potential energy generated by separating charge
38. potential difference: voltage measured between two points
39. resistance (R): hindrance to charge flow (provided by the plasma membrane)
40. insulator: substance with high electrical resistance (myelin)
41. conductor: substance with low electrical resistance (water with electrolytes)
42. What are the two main types of ion channels?: Leakage channels & Gated channels
43. Leakage channels: always open, nongated
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1. sensory input: information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
2. integration: interpretation of sensory input
3. motor output: activation of ettector organs (i.e..muscles glands) and produces a response
4. What are the 2 principal cell types in the nervous system?: neuroglia, neurons
5. neuroglia: (glial cells)--supporting cells...there are 6 ditterent kinds
6. neurons: excitable cells that transmit information at synapses signals
7. astrocytes: In the CNA; help determine capillary permeability; most abundant, versatile, and highly branched
glial cells
8. microglia: CNS glial cells--small, have thorny processes, migrate toward injured neurons, they consume mi-
croorganisms and neuronal debris
9. ependymal cells: CNS glial cells--line the cavities of brain and spinal column, separate CNS interstitial fluid
from CSF, produce CSF at choroid plexuses
10. oligodendrocytes: CNS glial cells--branched, processes wrap around multiple axon in CNS to form myelin
sheaths
11. What is the demyelination in the CNS?: multiple sclerosis
12. satellite cells: PNS glial cells- surround neuron cell bodies, form myelin
13. schwann cells: (neurolemmocytes) surround peripheral nerve fibers, form myelin sheaths
14. Which cell type is vital for the regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve
fibers?: schwann cells
15. neurons: primary cell in the nervous system
16. special characteristics of neurons: long lived, amitotic, high metabolic rate (fuel of oxygen and
glucose), plasma membrane has several functions
17. neuron plasma membrane functions: electrical signaling, cell-to-cell interactions during devel-
opment
1/
17
,18. What are the three things that the nervous system does?: sensory input, integration,
motor output
19. neuron cell body: biosynthetic center and receptive region
20. nissl bodies: rough ER
21. axon hillock: cone-shaped area from which axon arises
22. tracts: dendrites and axons in the CNS
23. nerves: dendrites and axons in the PNS
24. dendrites: receptive region, short, tapering, convey input toward the cell body--graded potentials
2/
17
, 25. axon: one per cell, numerous terminal branches, generates and transmits impulses (action potentials)
26. myelin sheath: protein-lipoid sheath around axons--protect, insulates, and speeds up nerve impulse trans-
mission
27. True or false: all neurons are myelinated: FALSE
28. myelin sheaths in the PNS are made up of what kind of cells?: schwann cells
29. myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by...: processes of oligodendrocytes, thinnest fibers
are unmyelinated
30. white matter: dense collections of myelinated fibers
31. gray matter: mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
32. What are the three functions of Neurons?: 1. highly irritable
2. respond to adequate stimulus=generate action potential (AP)
3. AP always same regardless of stimulus size
33. Are there more positive charges inside or outside the cell?: more + charges outside
the cell
34. What is required to separate opposite charges across a membrane?: energy
35. If opposite charges are separated, the system has : potential energy
36. Energy is when the charges move toward one another: liberated
37. voltage (v): measure of potential energy generated by separating charge
38. potential difference: voltage measured between two points
39. resistance (R): hindrance to charge flow (provided by the plasma membrane)
40. insulator: substance with high electrical resistance (myelin)
41. conductor: substance with low electrical resistance (water with electrolytes)
42. What are the two main types of ion channels?: Leakage channels & Gated channels
43. Leakage channels: always open, nongated
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