,UNIT 1 - The Scientific Method
1. Research Question 2. Hypothesis
- discovery based on observations, identifying problems - prediction of the outcome
and asking questions - falsifiable statement that should be proven/
- must be concise, specific, measurable and manageable disproven
Variables: General Formula:
Independent —> what you change in the experiment If the ( IV ) is increased/decreased then the ( DV )
Dependent —> what is being measured will as a result increase/decrease/stay the same.
Controlled —> does not change at all Given that the ( CV ) remains constant
3. Designing Investigation Side Notes:
- repeat experiment until results are accurate and precise - directly proportional
- inverse proportional "
Not Accurate Accurate Not Accurate - scatter plot turns into a line graph once line
Accurate
Not Precise of best fit is drawn.
Precise Precise Not Precise
-
-
:
-
: .. -
L
<
4. Conduction Investigation Quantitive Data:
- information can be recording in: - measured and expressed as a number
- tables ( units in table headings ) - represented in line graphs, scatter plots and histograms
- lists
- pictures and diagrams Qualitative Data:
- explanations - can’t be expressed as a number ( categorized )
- graphs ( IV on y and DV on x axis ) - represented as bar graphs, pie charts and descriptions
5. Predicting in Science ( Line of Best Fit )
- line of best fit shows the trend of the data
- interpolating: looking for values that fall within the plotted values
- extrapolating: looking for values that fall outside plotted values
.
...
/
Y
Extrapolating Interpolating
6. Conclusion
- prove/disprove hypothesis
- acknowledge any recommendations on improving experiment
,UNIT 2 - Matter and Materials
Properties of Materials
- strength: can support heavy
- electrical conductivity: has free moving electrons
- malleable: can be hammered/rolled into different shapes
- brittle: will break/shatter easily
- density: has a large mass per unit volume
- melting and boiling points: temperature a material changes from solid to liquid ( melting ) and liquid to gas
( boiling )
- magnetic or not magnetic: can attract ferromagnetic materials
- hard magnets: permanently magnetized
- soft magnets: temporarily magnetized
Four States of matter
Solids Liquids
- atoms are packed closely in a regular repeating - molecules flow easily around each other
pattern - do not have a fixed shape ( take form of container )
- vibrate in one spot - fixed volume
- fixed shape and volume ( only changed when broken, - high density
bent or dented ) - hard to compress
- hard to compress
- high density ( ratio between mass and volume )
Gas Plasma
- molecules are spread a out and move in random - forms at extremely high temperatures ( eg. Stars )
motions - high temperatures cause atoms to lose their electrons
- so far apart = attractive forces are insignificant - created by mixture of electrons and nuclei
- don’t have a fixed shape ( take shape of container )
- low density and not hard
- easily compressed
Names and Formulas for Substances
Steps:
1. Name the metal first or the element that comes first from left to right on the periodic table
2. If it has 2 elements, and one of them is N, O, F, P, S, Cl, Br and I —> it gets an “ide”
eg. Florine —> fluoride
3. If a compound contains 3 elements, one of which is oxygen —> change the ending to “ite” or “ate” ( used “ate”
for higher amount and use “ite” for lower amount )
eg. SO₃ = Sulphite
SO ₄ = Sulphate
4. When it comes to naming covalent molecules ( non-metal + non-metal ), prefixes are used to describe ratio of
elements ( when its 1 —> no need for prefix )
eg. P₄.S₂ —> tetra phosphorus disulphide
, Note:
- when symbols are used to represent compounds they are known as Chemical Formulas
- a compound may contain ions ( an atom that has lost or gain electrons ). These ions can either be simple/
monatomic ( only consists of one element ) and polyatomic ( consists of several elements )
-1 charge PREFIXES
-2 charge -3 charge
OH hydroxide PO₄ Phosphate Mono = 1
NO₂ nitrite CO₃ carbonate Di = 2
NO₃ nitrate SO₃ sulphite +1 charge Tri = 3
ClO₃ chlorate SO₄ sulphate NH₄ Ammonium Tetra = 4
Penta = 5
Hexa = 6
Hepta = 7
Octa = 8
Writing Chemical Formula for Ionic Compounds ( metal + non-metal )
Eg. Formula for Sodium Fluoride Formula for Magnesium Hydroxide
1. Name Ions 1. Mg+2 and OH-1 Note:
Na+1 and F-1 ( ion of fluorine ) - subscripts that are to the
2. Mg OH bottom right of the element
2. Write down charges and cancel out Mg OH symbol tell you how many
Na F atoms of that element
3. Mg(OH)₂
3. Write Formula &
- when using polyatomic ion —>
Naf make sure to put brackets
around them
1. Research Question 2. Hypothesis
- discovery based on observations, identifying problems - prediction of the outcome
and asking questions - falsifiable statement that should be proven/
- must be concise, specific, measurable and manageable disproven
Variables: General Formula:
Independent —> what you change in the experiment If the ( IV ) is increased/decreased then the ( DV )
Dependent —> what is being measured will as a result increase/decrease/stay the same.
Controlled —> does not change at all Given that the ( CV ) remains constant
3. Designing Investigation Side Notes:
- repeat experiment until results are accurate and precise - directly proportional
- inverse proportional "
Not Accurate Accurate Not Accurate - scatter plot turns into a line graph once line
Accurate
Not Precise of best fit is drawn.
Precise Precise Not Precise
-
-
:
-
: .. -
L
<
4. Conduction Investigation Quantitive Data:
- information can be recording in: - measured and expressed as a number
- tables ( units in table headings ) - represented in line graphs, scatter plots and histograms
- lists
- pictures and diagrams Qualitative Data:
- explanations - can’t be expressed as a number ( categorized )
- graphs ( IV on y and DV on x axis ) - represented as bar graphs, pie charts and descriptions
5. Predicting in Science ( Line of Best Fit )
- line of best fit shows the trend of the data
- interpolating: looking for values that fall within the plotted values
- extrapolating: looking for values that fall outside plotted values
.
...
/
Y
Extrapolating Interpolating
6. Conclusion
- prove/disprove hypothesis
- acknowledge any recommendations on improving experiment
,UNIT 2 - Matter and Materials
Properties of Materials
- strength: can support heavy
- electrical conductivity: has free moving electrons
- malleable: can be hammered/rolled into different shapes
- brittle: will break/shatter easily
- density: has a large mass per unit volume
- melting and boiling points: temperature a material changes from solid to liquid ( melting ) and liquid to gas
( boiling )
- magnetic or not magnetic: can attract ferromagnetic materials
- hard magnets: permanently magnetized
- soft magnets: temporarily magnetized
Four States of matter
Solids Liquids
- atoms are packed closely in a regular repeating - molecules flow easily around each other
pattern - do not have a fixed shape ( take form of container )
- vibrate in one spot - fixed volume
- fixed shape and volume ( only changed when broken, - high density
bent or dented ) - hard to compress
- hard to compress
- high density ( ratio between mass and volume )
Gas Plasma
- molecules are spread a out and move in random - forms at extremely high temperatures ( eg. Stars )
motions - high temperatures cause atoms to lose their electrons
- so far apart = attractive forces are insignificant - created by mixture of electrons and nuclei
- don’t have a fixed shape ( take shape of container )
- low density and not hard
- easily compressed
Names and Formulas for Substances
Steps:
1. Name the metal first or the element that comes first from left to right on the periodic table
2. If it has 2 elements, and one of them is N, O, F, P, S, Cl, Br and I —> it gets an “ide”
eg. Florine —> fluoride
3. If a compound contains 3 elements, one of which is oxygen —> change the ending to “ite” or “ate” ( used “ate”
for higher amount and use “ite” for lower amount )
eg. SO₃ = Sulphite
SO ₄ = Sulphate
4. When it comes to naming covalent molecules ( non-metal + non-metal ), prefixes are used to describe ratio of
elements ( when its 1 —> no need for prefix )
eg. P₄.S₂ —> tetra phosphorus disulphide
, Note:
- when symbols are used to represent compounds they are known as Chemical Formulas
- a compound may contain ions ( an atom that has lost or gain electrons ). These ions can either be simple/
monatomic ( only consists of one element ) and polyatomic ( consists of several elements )
-1 charge PREFIXES
-2 charge -3 charge
OH hydroxide PO₄ Phosphate Mono = 1
NO₂ nitrite CO₃ carbonate Di = 2
NO₃ nitrate SO₃ sulphite +1 charge Tri = 3
ClO₃ chlorate SO₄ sulphate NH₄ Ammonium Tetra = 4
Penta = 5
Hexa = 6
Hepta = 7
Octa = 8
Writing Chemical Formula for Ionic Compounds ( metal + non-metal )
Eg. Formula for Sodium Fluoride Formula for Magnesium Hydroxide
1. Name Ions 1. Mg+2 and OH-1 Note:
Na+1 and F-1 ( ion of fluorine ) - subscripts that are to the
2. Mg OH bottom right of the element
2. Write down charges and cancel out Mg OH symbol tell you how many
Na F atoms of that element
3. Mg(OH)₂
3. Write Formula &
- when using polyatomic ion —>
Naf make sure to put brackets
around them
