,ANIMAL AND PLANT CLONING
Cloning is the process in which a genetically identical replica of a molecule ( DNA ), cell or entire
organisms is made
A clone is a new cell / organism that is identical to the parent
There are 3 different types of cloning:
- DNA-Cloning
- Reproductive
- Therapeutic
DNA Cloning
This is the transfer of a part of DNA ( a gene ) from an organism to a foreign host cell to obtain a desired
characteristic
Reproductive Cloning ( somatic cell - body cell - nuclear transfer )
This is the creation of an organism that contains the same DNA as another organism ( eg. Dolly )
The nucleus of cell A is The nucleus of cell B ( gamete cell )
A B
removed and placed into is removed ( Donor cell is an egg
Cell B ( Somatic Cell ) cell )
46 Chromosomes 23 Chromosomes
-
g This mimics embryo —> identical to cell A for it
has cell A’s genetic material
Cell can now be implanted into surrogate
Therapeutic Cloning ( embryo cloning )
This is when human embryos are cloned for stem cell research. It’s the duplication of cells and organs to help in
medicine. This is by cloning organs and cells that are identical to parental cell / organ
Stem Cell Research ( falls under therapeutic cloning )
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells in the human body that have the ability to differentiate into any type of
specialized cell or remain a stem cell.
Properties of Stem Cells:
- they are unspecialized ( not differentiated and do not have any tissue specific structures that allow it to perform
specialized functions )
- they are cable of dividing and self-renewing continually ( can divide many times - brain and red blood can’t do )
- can undergo differentiation ( become specialized to form a specific function )
, Stem cells can be obtained from human embryos, the umbilical cord, bone marrow, muscle and brain. There
are 2 types of stem cells: Adult and Embryonic.
Adult Stem Cells: Embryonic Stem Cells:
- can divide and differentiate into a limited number - can divide and differentiate to form all tissue types in
of tissue types the adult body ( can not develop into entire fetus or adult
as they can’t form tissues such as the placenta and
umbilical cord )
Embryonic stem cells are:
- source —> from the blastocyst stage ( embryo that is 4/5 days old )
- harvested —> for In Vitro Fertilization ( IVF - infertile couples where man’s sperm and female’s egg are combined
in a lab to form and transferred into the carrier’s womb ) or just for stem cell research papers.
- use —> programmed to differentiate by using hormones.
Stem cells can also be preserved to replace damaged tissues, treat diseases ( leukemia, diabetes and Alzheimer’s )
and to study human development.
There could be certain ethical issues to this regard such as if it is ethically correct, is it ethically acceptable ?
What legal implications are there for cloned individuals and do people have the right to change the natural course
of life. Will governments be able to regulate this constant development and its ethically unacceptable to experiment
on humans.
Plant Cloning
Plant tissue culture is also known as micropropagation and the product is genetically identical to each other.
Process:
Tissue of an identified plant G The tissues are placed in a
interest is scrapped nutrient medium
-
Small plantlets will grow Auxins are added to the nutrient medium
j
from the tissues in order to initiate leaf and root
development
L
Plantlets are then transplanted Note: cartons are also a form of plant cloning by taking
( grown in the soil ) part of the original plant ( branch ) and planting it
Cloning is the process in which a genetically identical replica of a molecule ( DNA ), cell or entire
organisms is made
A clone is a new cell / organism that is identical to the parent
There are 3 different types of cloning:
- DNA-Cloning
- Reproductive
- Therapeutic
DNA Cloning
This is the transfer of a part of DNA ( a gene ) from an organism to a foreign host cell to obtain a desired
characteristic
Reproductive Cloning ( somatic cell - body cell - nuclear transfer )
This is the creation of an organism that contains the same DNA as another organism ( eg. Dolly )
The nucleus of cell A is The nucleus of cell B ( gamete cell )
A B
removed and placed into is removed ( Donor cell is an egg
Cell B ( Somatic Cell ) cell )
46 Chromosomes 23 Chromosomes
-
g This mimics embryo —> identical to cell A for it
has cell A’s genetic material
Cell can now be implanted into surrogate
Therapeutic Cloning ( embryo cloning )
This is when human embryos are cloned for stem cell research. It’s the duplication of cells and organs to help in
medicine. This is by cloning organs and cells that are identical to parental cell / organ
Stem Cell Research ( falls under therapeutic cloning )
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells in the human body that have the ability to differentiate into any type of
specialized cell or remain a stem cell.
Properties of Stem Cells:
- they are unspecialized ( not differentiated and do not have any tissue specific structures that allow it to perform
specialized functions )
- they are cable of dividing and self-renewing continually ( can divide many times - brain and red blood can’t do )
- can undergo differentiation ( become specialized to form a specific function )
, Stem cells can be obtained from human embryos, the umbilical cord, bone marrow, muscle and brain. There
are 2 types of stem cells: Adult and Embryonic.
Adult Stem Cells: Embryonic Stem Cells:
- can divide and differentiate into a limited number - can divide and differentiate to form all tissue types in
of tissue types the adult body ( can not develop into entire fetus or adult
as they can’t form tissues such as the placenta and
umbilical cord )
Embryonic stem cells are:
- source —> from the blastocyst stage ( embryo that is 4/5 days old )
- harvested —> for In Vitro Fertilization ( IVF - infertile couples where man’s sperm and female’s egg are combined
in a lab to form and transferred into the carrier’s womb ) or just for stem cell research papers.
- use —> programmed to differentiate by using hormones.
Stem cells can also be preserved to replace damaged tissues, treat diseases ( leukemia, diabetes and Alzheimer’s )
and to study human development.
There could be certain ethical issues to this regard such as if it is ethically correct, is it ethically acceptable ?
What legal implications are there for cloned individuals and do people have the right to change the natural course
of life. Will governments be able to regulate this constant development and its ethically unacceptable to experiment
on humans.
Plant Cloning
Plant tissue culture is also known as micropropagation and the product is genetically identical to each other.
Process:
Tissue of an identified plant G The tissues are placed in a
interest is scrapped nutrient medium
-
Small plantlets will grow Auxins are added to the nutrient medium
j
from the tissues in order to initiate leaf and root
development
L
Plantlets are then transplanted Note: cartons are also a form of plant cloning by taking
( grown in the soil ) part of the original plant ( branch ) and planting it
