NRSG 2350 - Module 1 Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
Where is potassium (K+) most abundant? - Answers inside cell
When more Na+ outside and more K+ inside cell means the cell is at __________. - Answers
resting potential
What are receptor sites? - Answers Interact with chemicals outside cell to trigger reaction or
changes within cell
What is an example of receptor sites for insulin? - Answers insulin causes enzymes within cell
to change cell membrane permeability to allow more glucose into cell
What are cellular identifying markers/surface markers? - Answers allow cells to identify "self"
cells and foreign cells with immune system
What is positive feedback? - Answers creates exaggerated change within body like sneezing
What is negative feedback? - Answers corrects/cancels responses if there is too much of
something
What is endocytosis? - Answers engulfs material/substance bringing into cell
What is exocytosis? - Answers removing substances by pushing them out of cell through
membrane
What is diffusion? - Answers passive transport of SUBSTANCE
What is osmosis? - Answers passive transport of WATER
What is facilitated diffusion? - Answers passive transport with help of carrier protein
What is active transport? - Answers movement of substances against concentration gradient,
allows more K+ inside cell and lower Na+ outside of cell to keep it more charged
How do cells produce energy? - Answers aerobic and anaerobic
What energy process requires oxygen? - Answers aerobic
What energy process does not require oxygen? - Answers anaerobic, but less effective of
making ATP
What are the adaptive cellular changes cells can undergo? - Answers atrophy, hypertrophy,
hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia
What happens in atrophy? - Answers results in cells becoming smaller because they are not
being used, less energy, less efficient
, What is hypertrophy? - Answers cells increase in size, overuse of cells like body building and
heart muscle
What is hyperplasia? - Answers increased # of cells; seen in an injury where cells are trying to
make up for injured ones
What is dysplasia? - Answers always abnormal version of same cell, irreversible
what type of adaptive cellular change is a precursor to cancer? - Answers dysplasia
What is metaplasia? - Answers reversible cells, unlikely to lead to cancer, replace with another
What pathologic conditions are related to cell alterations due to inability to maintain
homeostasis? - Answers toxic, infections, physical, deficit (malnutition)
What is the toxic (endo/exogenous) cellular injury? - Answers smokers or coal miners inhaling
toxic air
What happens in apoptosis? - Answers programmed cell death, controlled cell turnover, new cell
growth
What happens in ischemia? - Answers lack of blood to cells or organs, can be reversed
What happens in hypoxia? - Answers lack of oxygen to cells or organs, can be reversed
What happens in necrosis? - Answers cell death due to loss of oxygen and/or blood supply, NOT
REVERSIBLE; caused by injury
What are 2 ways of cell death? - Answers apoptosis and necrosis
What is etiology? - Answers what is causing the disease, what is leading to these cellular
changes?
What are predisposing factors? - Answers risk factors
What is pathogenesis? - Answers physiologic or pathologic development of disease
What is insidious? - Answers the vague onset of disease, do not see it coming
What 2 categories cause illness and disease? - Answers intrinsic and extrinsic causes
What are intrinsic causes of illness/disease? - Answers already in body causing illness (genetics,
age, gender)
What are examples of intrinsic illnesses/diseases? - Answers sickle cell, cystic fibrosis,
hemophilia
What is the difference between genetic and hereditary/inherited? - Answers Genetic is mutation
Where is potassium (K+) most abundant? - Answers inside cell
When more Na+ outside and more K+ inside cell means the cell is at __________. - Answers
resting potential
What are receptor sites? - Answers Interact with chemicals outside cell to trigger reaction or
changes within cell
What is an example of receptor sites for insulin? - Answers insulin causes enzymes within cell
to change cell membrane permeability to allow more glucose into cell
What are cellular identifying markers/surface markers? - Answers allow cells to identify "self"
cells and foreign cells with immune system
What is positive feedback? - Answers creates exaggerated change within body like sneezing
What is negative feedback? - Answers corrects/cancels responses if there is too much of
something
What is endocytosis? - Answers engulfs material/substance bringing into cell
What is exocytosis? - Answers removing substances by pushing them out of cell through
membrane
What is diffusion? - Answers passive transport of SUBSTANCE
What is osmosis? - Answers passive transport of WATER
What is facilitated diffusion? - Answers passive transport with help of carrier protein
What is active transport? - Answers movement of substances against concentration gradient,
allows more K+ inside cell and lower Na+ outside of cell to keep it more charged
How do cells produce energy? - Answers aerobic and anaerobic
What energy process requires oxygen? - Answers aerobic
What energy process does not require oxygen? - Answers anaerobic, but less effective of
making ATP
What are the adaptive cellular changes cells can undergo? - Answers atrophy, hypertrophy,
hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia
What happens in atrophy? - Answers results in cells becoming smaller because they are not
being used, less energy, less efficient
, What is hypertrophy? - Answers cells increase in size, overuse of cells like body building and
heart muscle
What is hyperplasia? - Answers increased # of cells; seen in an injury where cells are trying to
make up for injured ones
What is dysplasia? - Answers always abnormal version of same cell, irreversible
what type of adaptive cellular change is a precursor to cancer? - Answers dysplasia
What is metaplasia? - Answers reversible cells, unlikely to lead to cancer, replace with another
What pathologic conditions are related to cell alterations due to inability to maintain
homeostasis? - Answers toxic, infections, physical, deficit (malnutition)
What is the toxic (endo/exogenous) cellular injury? - Answers smokers or coal miners inhaling
toxic air
What happens in apoptosis? - Answers programmed cell death, controlled cell turnover, new cell
growth
What happens in ischemia? - Answers lack of blood to cells or organs, can be reversed
What happens in hypoxia? - Answers lack of oxygen to cells or organs, can be reversed
What happens in necrosis? - Answers cell death due to loss of oxygen and/or blood supply, NOT
REVERSIBLE; caused by injury
What are 2 ways of cell death? - Answers apoptosis and necrosis
What is etiology? - Answers what is causing the disease, what is leading to these cellular
changes?
What are predisposing factors? - Answers risk factors
What is pathogenesis? - Answers physiologic or pathologic development of disease
What is insidious? - Answers the vague onset of disease, do not see it coming
What 2 categories cause illness and disease? - Answers intrinsic and extrinsic causes
What are intrinsic causes of illness/disease? - Answers already in body causing illness (genetics,
age, gender)
What are examples of intrinsic illnesses/diseases? - Answers sickle cell, cystic fibrosis,
hemophilia
What is the difference between genetic and hereditary/inherited? - Answers Genetic is mutation
