Five Pillars - Answers phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension
Phonemic Awareness - Answers identify and manipulate individual sounds
Phonics - Answers connect letters to sounds
Fluency - Answers read with speed, accuracy, tone, and emotions
Vocabulary - Answers understand the meaning of the words
Comprehension - Answers understand what is read
POSSUM Approach - Answers phonology, orthography, syntax, semantics, understanding,
morphology
Phonology - Answers sounds or phonemes that make up the word
Orthography - Answers letters or graphemes that represent the sounds
Syntax - Answers sentence structure and word order
Semantics - Answers meaning of words and sentences
Understanding - Answers any background knowledge
Morphology - Answers how words are put together; prefixes, suffixes, root word
Stages of Spelling Development - Answers pre-communicative, semiphonetic, phonetic,
transitional, conventional
Pre-Communicative - Answers writes random letters that do not match sounds; pre-alphabetic
Semiphonetic - Answers attempt to use letters to represent sounds; partial alphabetic
Phonetic - Answers connects each sound in a word to a printed letter; full alphabetic
Transitional - Answers can use and see phonics pattern; consolidated alphabetic
Conventional - Answers good grasp of spelling conventions and uses them in writing; automatic
Four Part Processor - Answers Orthographic Processor, Phonological Processor, Meaning
Processor, Context Processor
Orthographic Processory - Answers recognizes and remembers the visual patters of written
words and letters; visual input
Phonological Processor - Answers recognize, remember, and work with the sounds in spoken