1
UCI BIO 93 (TRIO) FINAL REVIEW
ACTUAL 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Bioengernetics - (ANSWER)How energy flows through organisms.
ATP - (ANSWER)Used for mechanical, transport, and chemical work. ATP is also
an RNA nucleotide.
Mechanical Work - (ANSWER)Energy used in motor proteins and muscle cells
during contractions.
Transport Work - (ANSWER)Energy used to move substances against their
gradient.
Chemical Work - (ANSWER)Energy used to convey polymers into monomers.
Gibs Free Energy - (ANSWER)Portion of a systems energy that can preform work
when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Exergonic Reactions - (ANSWER)Delta G is less than zero (-) and the reaction is
spontaneous. Example- ATP hydrolysis.
Endergonic Reactions - (ANSWER)Delta G is greater than zero (+) and the reaction
is non-spontaneous.
,2
Enzymes - (ANSWER)Lower energy barriers and can be denatured by
temperature.
"Lock and Key" - (ANSWER)Phrase used to describe the very specific nature of
enzyme-substrate interactions.
1st Law of Thermodynamics - (ANSWER)Energy is constant and cannot be created
or destroyed.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - (ANSWER)Every energy transformation increases
the entropy in the universe.
Cellular Respiration - (ANSWER)Process used by heterotrophs. Occurs in the
mitochondria and produces majority of the energy our body constantly uses.
Mitochondrial Defects - (ANSWER)Leads to cancer and aging, as well as muscle
and metabolic dysfunction.
Oxidation - (ANSWER)Loss of electrons.
Reduction - (ANSWER)Addition of electrons.
,3
What prevents glucose from instantly combining with oxygen? -
(ANSWER)Activation Energy.
Glycolysis - (ANSWER)Occurs in the cytosol. The process of breaking down the 6
carbon molecule, glucose, into two 3 carbon pyruvate. The breaking of this bond
creates 2 ATP. Does not require oxygen. NAD+, 1 Glucose, and 2 ATP go in while 2
pyruvate, NADH, and 4 ATP come out.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - (ANSWER)Generation of ATP and ADP from a
phosphorylated substrate.
Anaerobic - (ANSWER)A process which does not require the input of oxygen. (Ie
fermentation)
Aerobic - (ANSWER)A process which requires the input of oxygen.
Pyruvate - (ANSWER)A 3 carbon molecule that is made from the hydrolysis of
glucose.
Pyruvate Oxidation - (ANSWER)Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
Pyruvate (3 carbon) and NADH+ go in while Acetyl CoA and NADH come out.
Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle) - (ANSWER)Occurs in the matrix of the
mitochondria. Acetyl CoA (2 Carbon), NAD+/FAD+, and ADP go in while CO2 (1
Carbon), NADH/FADH2, and ATP come out.
, 4
Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative Phosphorylation - (ANSWER)Occurs in the
inner membrane of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 carry electron through
the transport chain and pump protons against their gradient (chemiosmosis).
Oxidative Phosphorylation produces around 34 ATP through ATP synthase.
Chemiosmosis - (ANSWER)The movement of ions down their concentration
gradient.
ATP Synthase - (ANSWER)Uses the process of chemiosmosis to transport H ions
through it and produce ATP by oxygen accepting the H ions to make H2O
Photosynthesis - (ANSWER)Process used by autotrophs. Turns solar energy into
chemical energy and occurs inside the chloroplast. light and water go in and
glucose and oxygen come out.
Light Reaction - (ANSWER)Occurs in the Thylakoid Membrane. Solar energy
excites the electron as it moves through photosystem II and I. Protons create an
acidic thylakoid lumen. NADP+ accepts electrons to produce NADPH. Light, H2O,
and NAPD+ go in while O2, ATP, and NADPH come out.
Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) - (ANSWER)Occurs in the stroma. NADPH, ATP, and
CO2 go in while ADP, NADP, and glucose come out.
Hershey and Chase Experiment - (ANSWER)Proved that DNA is the genetic
material, not proteins.
UCI BIO 93 (TRIO) FINAL REVIEW
ACTUAL 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Bioengernetics - (ANSWER)How energy flows through organisms.
ATP - (ANSWER)Used for mechanical, transport, and chemical work. ATP is also
an RNA nucleotide.
Mechanical Work - (ANSWER)Energy used in motor proteins and muscle cells
during contractions.
Transport Work - (ANSWER)Energy used to move substances against their
gradient.
Chemical Work - (ANSWER)Energy used to convey polymers into monomers.
Gibs Free Energy - (ANSWER)Portion of a systems energy that can preform work
when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Exergonic Reactions - (ANSWER)Delta G is less than zero (-) and the reaction is
spontaneous. Example- ATP hydrolysis.
Endergonic Reactions - (ANSWER)Delta G is greater than zero (+) and the reaction
is non-spontaneous.
,2
Enzymes - (ANSWER)Lower energy barriers and can be denatured by
temperature.
"Lock and Key" - (ANSWER)Phrase used to describe the very specific nature of
enzyme-substrate interactions.
1st Law of Thermodynamics - (ANSWER)Energy is constant and cannot be created
or destroyed.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - (ANSWER)Every energy transformation increases
the entropy in the universe.
Cellular Respiration - (ANSWER)Process used by heterotrophs. Occurs in the
mitochondria and produces majority of the energy our body constantly uses.
Mitochondrial Defects - (ANSWER)Leads to cancer and aging, as well as muscle
and metabolic dysfunction.
Oxidation - (ANSWER)Loss of electrons.
Reduction - (ANSWER)Addition of electrons.
,3
What prevents glucose from instantly combining with oxygen? -
(ANSWER)Activation Energy.
Glycolysis - (ANSWER)Occurs in the cytosol. The process of breaking down the 6
carbon molecule, glucose, into two 3 carbon pyruvate. The breaking of this bond
creates 2 ATP. Does not require oxygen. NAD+, 1 Glucose, and 2 ATP go in while 2
pyruvate, NADH, and 4 ATP come out.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - (ANSWER)Generation of ATP and ADP from a
phosphorylated substrate.
Anaerobic - (ANSWER)A process which does not require the input of oxygen. (Ie
fermentation)
Aerobic - (ANSWER)A process which requires the input of oxygen.
Pyruvate - (ANSWER)A 3 carbon molecule that is made from the hydrolysis of
glucose.
Pyruvate Oxidation - (ANSWER)Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
Pyruvate (3 carbon) and NADH+ go in while Acetyl CoA and NADH come out.
Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle) - (ANSWER)Occurs in the matrix of the
mitochondria. Acetyl CoA (2 Carbon), NAD+/FAD+, and ADP go in while CO2 (1
Carbon), NADH/FADH2, and ATP come out.
, 4
Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative Phosphorylation - (ANSWER)Occurs in the
inner membrane of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 carry electron through
the transport chain and pump protons against their gradient (chemiosmosis).
Oxidative Phosphorylation produces around 34 ATP through ATP synthase.
Chemiosmosis - (ANSWER)The movement of ions down their concentration
gradient.
ATP Synthase - (ANSWER)Uses the process of chemiosmosis to transport H ions
through it and produce ATP by oxygen accepting the H ions to make H2O
Photosynthesis - (ANSWER)Process used by autotrophs. Turns solar energy into
chemical energy and occurs inside the chloroplast. light and water go in and
glucose and oxygen come out.
Light Reaction - (ANSWER)Occurs in the Thylakoid Membrane. Solar energy
excites the electron as it moves through photosystem II and I. Protons create an
acidic thylakoid lumen. NADP+ accepts electrons to produce NADPH. Light, H2O,
and NAPD+ go in while O2, ATP, and NADPH come out.
Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) - (ANSWER)Occurs in the stroma. NADPH, ATP, and
CO2 go in while ADP, NADP, and glucose come out.
Hershey and Chase Experiment - (ANSWER)Proved that DNA is the genetic
material, not proteins.
