Philosophy
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1. "Absolute the","That which is unconditioned and uncaused by anything else; it is frequently
thought of as God, a perfect and solitary, self-caused eternal being that is the
source or essence of all that exists but that is itself beyond the possibility of
conceptualization or definition",
2. Absolute Ideal- The early nineteenth-century school of philosophy that maintained that being is
ism the transcendental unfolding or expression of thought or reason,
3. Academics Philosophers of the third and second centuries B.C.E. in what had been Plato's
Academy; they had the reputation of maintaining that all things are inapprehen-
sible,
4. Act-utilitarianism A form of utilitarianism (subscribed to by Bentham) in which the rightness of an
act is determined by its effect on the general happiness,
5. Aesthetics The philosophical study of art and of value judgments about art and of beauty in
general,
6. Alterity "The condition of being ""Other"" to the center of power and authority",
7. Analytic philoso- The predominant twentieth-century philosophical tradition in English-speaking
phy countries; analytic philosophy has its roots in British empiricism and holds that
analysis is the proper method of philosophy,
8. Analytic state- (Quine): A statement that holds come what may,
ment
9. Anarchism A utopian political theory that seeks to eliminate all authority and state rule in favor
of a society based on voluntary cooperation and free association of individuals
and groups,
10. Antirepresenta- A philosophy that denies that the mind or language contains or is a representation
tionalism of reality,
, Philosophy
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11. Appeal to emo- Trying to establish a position by playing on someone's emotions,
tion
12. Applied ethics "Moral theory applied to speciï¬c contemporary moral issues, such as abortion,
afï¬rmative action, pornography, capital punishment, and so on",
13. A priori/a posteri- "In the philosophy of Saul Kripke, an a priori truth is a statement known to be
ori pair true independently of any experience, and its opposite, an a posteriori truth, is a
statement known to be true through experience",
14. A priori principle A proposition whose truth we do not need to know through sensory experience
and that no conceivable experience could serve to refute,
15. Argument A reason for accepting a position,
16. Argument by "As in an argument for the existence of God: the idea that the world is analogous
analogy to a human contrivance and therefore, just as the human contrivance has a creator,
the world must also have a creator",
17. Argument from A proof for the existence of God based on the idea that the universe and its parts
design give evidence of purpose or design and therefore require a divine designer,
18. Argumentum ad The mistaken idea that you can successfully challenge any view by criticizing the
hominem person whose view it is,
19. Ataraxia The goal of unperturbedness and tranquility of mind that was considered the
highest good by ancient thinkers such as the Skeptics,
20. Atomism "The ancient Greek philosophy that holds that all things are composed of simple,
indivisible minute particles",
21. Authenticity "In Sartre's philosophy, a way of understanding the essential nature of the human
being by seeing it as a totality",
, Philosophy
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22. Bad Faith "In the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, essentially self-deception or lying to one-
self, especially when this takes the form of blaming circumstances for one's fate
and not seizing the freedom to realize oneself in action",
23. Begging the The fallacy of assuming as a premise the very conclusion of the argument is
question intended to prove,
24. Behaviorism "The methodological principle in psychology according to which meaningful
psychological inquiry conï¬nes itself to psychological phenomena that can be
behaviorally deï¬ned; the theory in philosophy that when we talk about a person's
mental states, we are referring in fact to the person's disposition to behave in
certain ways",
25. Buddhism "A philosophical tradition, founded by Gautama Siddhartha Buddha in the ï¬fth
century B.C.E., that took on various forms as a religion and spread throughout Asia;
Buddhism attempts to help the individual conquer the suffering and mutability of
human existence through the elimination of desire and ego and attainment of the
state of nirvana",
26. Bushido "The way or ethic of the samurai warrior, based on service and demanding
rigorous training, usually both in the military and literary arts",
27. Capabilities ap- "In the philosophy of Martha Nussbaum, the principle that all nations and gov-
proach ernments should provide for the core ingredients of human dignity",
28. Capitalism An economic system in which ownership of the means of production and distrib-
ution is maintained mostly by private individuals and corporations,
29. Categorical im- "Immanuel Kant's formulation of a moral law that holds unconditionally, that is,
perative categorically; in its most common formulation, states that you are to act in such a
way that you could desire the principle on which you act to be a universal law",
30. Clear and distinct "René Descartes' criterion of truth, according to which that, and only that, which
criterion is perceived as clearly and distinctly as the fact of one's own existence is certain",
, Philosophy
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31. Code Pink A third wave women's grassroots peace and justice movement that opposes any
kind of military force,
32. Communism "(capital ""c"") The ideology of the Communist Party; (lowercase ""c"") an eco-
nomic system",
33. Communitarian "One who holds that there is a common good deï¬ned by one's society, the
attainment of which has priority over individual liberty",
34. Conceptualism The theory that universals are concepts and exist only in the mind,
35. Confucianism A philosophical tradition that began with Confucius in the sixth century B.C.E. and
continues to the present day; Confucianism is a practical philosophy that hopes
to establish a better world order by means of moral perfection of the individual,
36. Consequential- Ethical theories that evaluate actions by their consequences,
ism
37. Conservatism A political philosophy based on respect for established institutions and traditions
and that favors preservation of the status quo over social experimentation,
38. Continental phi- "The philosophical traditions of continental Europe; includes phenomenology,
losophy existentialism, hermeneutics, deconstruction, and critical theory",
39. Contractarian "The political theory according to which a legitimate state exists only by virtue of
theory an agreement or ""contract"" among the subjects of the state",
40. Contractualism Ethical theories according to which right and wrong are established by a societal
agreement or social contract,
41. Copernican revo- "A new perspective in epistemology, introduced by Immanuel Kant, according
lution in philoso- to which the objects of experience must conform in certain respects to our
phy knowledge of them",
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hllxf
1. "Absolute the","That which is unconditioned and uncaused by anything else; it is frequently
thought of as God, a perfect and solitary, self-caused eternal being that is the
source or essence of all that exists but that is itself beyond the possibility of
conceptualization or definition",
2. Absolute Ideal- The early nineteenth-century school of philosophy that maintained that being is
ism the transcendental unfolding or expression of thought or reason,
3. Academics Philosophers of the third and second centuries B.C.E. in what had been Plato's
Academy; they had the reputation of maintaining that all things are inapprehen-
sible,
4. Act-utilitarianism A form of utilitarianism (subscribed to by Bentham) in which the rightness of an
act is determined by its effect on the general happiness,
5. Aesthetics The philosophical study of art and of value judgments about art and of beauty in
general,
6. Alterity "The condition of being ""Other"" to the center of power and authority",
7. Analytic philoso- The predominant twentieth-century philosophical tradition in English-speaking
phy countries; analytic philosophy has its roots in British empiricism and holds that
analysis is the proper method of philosophy,
8. Analytic state- (Quine): A statement that holds come what may,
ment
9. Anarchism A utopian political theory that seeks to eliminate all authority and state rule in favor
of a society based on voluntary cooperation and free association of individuals
and groups,
10. Antirepresenta- A philosophy that denies that the mind or language contains or is a representation
tionalism of reality,
, Philosophy
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hllxf
11. Appeal to emo- Trying to establish a position by playing on someone's emotions,
tion
12. Applied ethics "Moral theory applied to speciï¬c contemporary moral issues, such as abortion,
afï¬rmative action, pornography, capital punishment, and so on",
13. A priori/a posteri- "In the philosophy of Saul Kripke, an a priori truth is a statement known to be
ori pair true independently of any experience, and its opposite, an a posteriori truth, is a
statement known to be true through experience",
14. A priori principle A proposition whose truth we do not need to know through sensory experience
and that no conceivable experience could serve to refute,
15. Argument A reason for accepting a position,
16. Argument by "As in an argument for the existence of God: the idea that the world is analogous
analogy to a human contrivance and therefore, just as the human contrivance has a creator,
the world must also have a creator",
17. Argument from A proof for the existence of God based on the idea that the universe and its parts
design give evidence of purpose or design and therefore require a divine designer,
18. Argumentum ad The mistaken idea that you can successfully challenge any view by criticizing the
hominem person whose view it is,
19. Ataraxia The goal of unperturbedness and tranquility of mind that was considered the
highest good by ancient thinkers such as the Skeptics,
20. Atomism "The ancient Greek philosophy that holds that all things are composed of simple,
indivisible minute particles",
21. Authenticity "In Sartre's philosophy, a way of understanding the essential nature of the human
being by seeing it as a totality",
, Philosophy
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hllxf
22. Bad Faith "In the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, essentially self-deception or lying to one-
self, especially when this takes the form of blaming circumstances for one's fate
and not seizing the freedom to realize oneself in action",
23. Begging the The fallacy of assuming as a premise the very conclusion of the argument is
question intended to prove,
24. Behaviorism "The methodological principle in psychology according to which meaningful
psychological inquiry conï¬nes itself to psychological phenomena that can be
behaviorally deï¬ned; the theory in philosophy that when we talk about a person's
mental states, we are referring in fact to the person's disposition to behave in
certain ways",
25. Buddhism "A philosophical tradition, founded by Gautama Siddhartha Buddha in the ï¬fth
century B.C.E., that took on various forms as a religion and spread throughout Asia;
Buddhism attempts to help the individual conquer the suffering and mutability of
human existence through the elimination of desire and ego and attainment of the
state of nirvana",
26. Bushido "The way or ethic of the samurai warrior, based on service and demanding
rigorous training, usually both in the military and literary arts",
27. Capabilities ap- "In the philosophy of Martha Nussbaum, the principle that all nations and gov-
proach ernments should provide for the core ingredients of human dignity",
28. Capitalism An economic system in which ownership of the means of production and distrib-
ution is maintained mostly by private individuals and corporations,
29. Categorical im- "Immanuel Kant's formulation of a moral law that holds unconditionally, that is,
perative categorically; in its most common formulation, states that you are to act in such a
way that you could desire the principle on which you act to be a universal law",
30. Clear and distinct "René Descartes' criterion of truth, according to which that, and only that, which
criterion is perceived as clearly and distinctly as the fact of one's own existence is certain",
, Philosophy
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hllxf
31. Code Pink A third wave women's grassroots peace and justice movement that opposes any
kind of military force,
32. Communism "(capital ""c"") The ideology of the Communist Party; (lowercase ""c"") an eco-
nomic system",
33. Communitarian "One who holds that there is a common good deï¬ned by one's society, the
attainment of which has priority over individual liberty",
34. Conceptualism The theory that universals are concepts and exist only in the mind,
35. Confucianism A philosophical tradition that began with Confucius in the sixth century B.C.E. and
continues to the present day; Confucianism is a practical philosophy that hopes
to establish a better world order by means of moral perfection of the individual,
36. Consequential- Ethical theories that evaluate actions by their consequences,
ism
37. Conservatism A political philosophy based on respect for established institutions and traditions
and that favors preservation of the status quo over social experimentation,
38. Continental phi- "The philosophical traditions of continental Europe; includes phenomenology,
losophy existentialism, hermeneutics, deconstruction, and critical theory",
39. Contractarian "The political theory according to which a legitimate state exists only by virtue of
theory an agreement or ""contract"" among the subjects of the state",
40. Contractualism Ethical theories according to which right and wrong are established by a societal
agreement or social contract,
41. Copernican revo- "A new perspective in epistemology, introduced by Immanuel Kant, according
lution in philoso- to which the objects of experience must conform in certain respects to our
phy knowledge of them",
