Maryville NR 283 Pathophysiology
Final Exam With Actual 120 Questions
& Verified Answers,Plus
Rationales/Expert Verified For
Guaranteed Pass Graded A+/
2025/2026 /Latest Update/Instant
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1. Which of the following is the primary cause of hypovolemic shock?
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Severe hemorrhage
C. Sepsis
D. Pulmonary embolism
B. Severe hemorrhage
Rationale: Hypovolemic shock occurs due to a significant loss of blood or fluids, leading to
inadequate tissue perfusion.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with chronic kidney
disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
A. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Impaired kidney function reduces potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia.
3. Which type of anemia is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
A. Microcytic anemia
B. Normocytic anemia
C. Macrocytic anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
,C. Macrocytic anemia
Rationale: Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to impaired DNA synthesis, resulting in large,
immature red blood cells (macrocytes).
4. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, which process is primarily impaired?
A. Insulin production
B. Insulin receptor sensitivity
C. Glucagon secretion
D. Glycogen storage
A. Insulin production
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta
cells, leading to insulin deficiency.
5. Which condition is characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production?
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Addison’s disease
D. Cushing’s syndrome
B. Hyperthyroidism
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism involves overproduction of thyroid hormones, increasing
metabolic rate and sympathetic activity.
6. What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?
A. Viral infection
B. Alcohol abuse
C. Gallstones
D. Trauma
C. Gallstones
Rationale: Gallstones can block the pancreatic duct, leading to activation of pancreatic
enzymes and inflammation.
7. Which lab finding is expected in a patient with iron-deficiency anemia?
A. High MCV
B. Low MCV
C. High reticulocyte count
D. Hyperbilirubinemia
B. Low MCV
Rationale: Iron-deficiency anemia produces microcytic (small) red blood cells, reflected in a
low mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
8. What is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
, B. Proteinuria
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypokalemia
B. Proteinuria
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by significant protein loss in the urine,
hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
9. Which pathogen is most commonly associated with peptic ulcer disease?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Helicobacter pylori
C. Streptococcus pyogenes
D. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Helicobacter pylori
Rationale: H. pylori infection disrupts gastric mucosa, leading to ulcer formation.
10. A patient presents with confusion, tachycardia, and warm flushed skin. Which acid-
base imbalance is most likely?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Rationale: Hyperventilation from anxiety or sepsis reduces CO2, leading to respiratory
alkalosis.
11. Which type of shock is caused by severe infection?
A. Hypovolemic
B. Cardiogenic
C. Distributive
D. Obstructive
C. Distributive
Rationale: Septic shock is a type of distributive shock caused by widespread vasodilation
due to infection.
12. Which cell type is primarily responsible for antibody production?
A. T cells
B. B cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Macrophages
B. B cells
Rationale: B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
Final Exam With Actual 120 Questions
& Verified Answers,Plus
Rationales/Expert Verified For
Guaranteed Pass Graded A+/
2025/2026 /Latest Update/Instant
Download Pdf
1. Which of the following is the primary cause of hypovolemic shock?
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Severe hemorrhage
C. Sepsis
D. Pulmonary embolism
B. Severe hemorrhage
Rationale: Hypovolemic shock occurs due to a significant loss of blood or fluids, leading to
inadequate tissue perfusion.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with chronic kidney
disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
A. Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Impaired kidney function reduces potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia.
3. Which type of anemia is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
A. Microcytic anemia
B. Normocytic anemia
C. Macrocytic anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
,C. Macrocytic anemia
Rationale: Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to impaired DNA synthesis, resulting in large,
immature red blood cells (macrocytes).
4. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, which process is primarily impaired?
A. Insulin production
B. Insulin receptor sensitivity
C. Glucagon secretion
D. Glycogen storage
A. Insulin production
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta
cells, leading to insulin deficiency.
5. Which condition is characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production?
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Addison’s disease
D. Cushing’s syndrome
B. Hyperthyroidism
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism involves overproduction of thyroid hormones, increasing
metabolic rate and sympathetic activity.
6. What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?
A. Viral infection
B. Alcohol abuse
C. Gallstones
D. Trauma
C. Gallstones
Rationale: Gallstones can block the pancreatic duct, leading to activation of pancreatic
enzymes and inflammation.
7. Which lab finding is expected in a patient with iron-deficiency anemia?
A. High MCV
B. Low MCV
C. High reticulocyte count
D. Hyperbilirubinemia
B. Low MCV
Rationale: Iron-deficiency anemia produces microcytic (small) red blood cells, reflected in a
low mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
8. What is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
, B. Proteinuria
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypokalemia
B. Proteinuria
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by significant protein loss in the urine,
hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
9. Which pathogen is most commonly associated with peptic ulcer disease?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Helicobacter pylori
C. Streptococcus pyogenes
D. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Helicobacter pylori
Rationale: H. pylori infection disrupts gastric mucosa, leading to ulcer formation.
10. A patient presents with confusion, tachycardia, and warm flushed skin. Which acid-
base imbalance is most likely?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Rationale: Hyperventilation from anxiety or sepsis reduces CO2, leading to respiratory
alkalosis.
11. Which type of shock is caused by severe infection?
A. Hypovolemic
B. Cardiogenic
C. Distributive
D. Obstructive
C. Distributive
Rationale: Septic shock is a type of distributive shock caused by widespread vasodilation
due to infection.
12. Which cell type is primarily responsible for antibody production?
A. T cells
B. B cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Macrophages
B. B cells
Rationale: B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
