NSG 120 Pathophysiology Final Detailed Exam 2025

NSG 120 Pathophysiology Final Detailed Exam 2025 Chlamydia S/S - -Most common STI in US. major cause of sterility and leading cause of PID Often asymptomatic Men-- urethritis, thin water discharge with burning and itching, scrotal swelling Women-- urethritis, cervicitis, dysuria, yellow vaginal discharge with burning/itching, abdo pain, and dyspareunia (painful intercourse) Gonorrhea - -2nd most common STI; infxn of urinary tract. Asymptomatic, purulent discharge, dysuria Males: prostatitis, epididymitits. Females: PID and infertility, conjunctivitis in neonates Trichomoniasis s/s - -Protozoal infxn--vaginal in women and urethral in men. - asymptomatic - urethritis, dysuria and itching, women: discharge Chlamydia treatment and prevention - -Treatment: Azithromycin and other antibiotics Prevention: Safe sex and absitnence Gonorrhea treatment and prevention - -Treatment: Antibacterial drugs (penicillin or ceftriaxone + doxycycline) Some drug-resistant strains Retest for eradication -Ophthalmia neonatorum prevented by prophylactic treatment of eyes of all newborns within 1 hour -Required by law in U.S. Trichomoniasis treatment - -Metronidazole (Flagyl) Gonorrhea prognosis - -Good with prompt diagnosis and treatment. Chlamydia prognosis - --good with early treatment -if untreated: PID, infertility in females; epididymitis in males, sterility in both Nursing Nursing Endometriosis - -a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity Endometriosis Signs and Symptoms - -Dysmenorrhea with pain in lower back and vagina. Infertility Severity of pain is not indicative of extent of the disease. Dyspareunia, dysuria, and sometimes painful defecation. breast cancer prevention - -diet, exercise, maintaining healthy body weight, pregnancy and breastfeeding decisions, routine screenings--esp for women with a family history Hormones and Menstrual Cycle - -- After menses, FSH is secreted and causes ovarian follicle to mature. The follicle secretes estrogen, which thickens uterine lining. •Mid-way through the cycle, LH levels greatly increase and cause ovulation •The ovarian follicle increases progesterone production to help the uterus to prepare for a potential implantation of a fertilized ovum. •If no fertilization, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the uterine lining degenerates, resulting in menstruation. Cancer of the prostate - -Leading cancer in older males; A hard area on the prostate or hard, fixed, irregular nodules on the prostate suggest cancer. The median sulcus may not be palpable. S/S of prostate cancer - -initally asymptomatic. urinary obstuction-blood in urine or semen, painful ejaculation Symptoms are similar to BPH Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - -enlargement of the prostate gland. More common in older males BPH s/s - -hesitancy and straining during urination. Decreased strength of the urine stream (weak flow). Dribbling after urination. Feeling that the bladder is not completely empty. An urge to urinate again soon after urinating. Pain during urination (dysuria). Nursing Nursing Cancer of the Testes - -Most testicular tumors are malignant. 1 in 300 affected Most common solid tumor cancer in young men Number of cases increasing Testicular self-examination is essential for early detection. May originate from one type of cell or mixed cells from various sources Teratoma—tumor consisting of mixture of different germ cells Some malignant tumors secrete hCG or AFP, which serve as useful markers for diagnosis. s/s of testicular cancer - -scrotal "fullness or heaviness," may NOT experience pain, dull ache in lower abdomen or groin, lump in testicle, sudden collection of fluid in scrotum, later enlarged tender breasts (gynecomastia) testes function - -produce sperm and testosterone hyperparathyroidism treatment - -Surgery Volume replacement Improve GFR Increase Ca+ excretion Diuretics Cause of hypoparathyroidism - --removal of thyroid -trauma to glands Hypoparathyroidism treatment - -vit D+ca supplementation if low serum Ca, high urine Ca, add diuretic thiazide Hyperthyroidism symptoms - -Nervousness, weight loss despite increased appetite, excessive sweating and heat intolerance, palpitations, frequent bowel movements, muscular weakness of the proximal type and tremor Graves’ disease - -an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos Hypothyroidism symptoms - -Fatigue, lethargy. Modest weight gain with anorexia. Dry, coarse skin and cold intolerance. Swelling of face, hands, and legs. Constipation. Weakness, muscle cramps, arthralgias, paresthesias, impaired memory and hearing. Cretinism - -condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed Hashimoto's disease - -an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland Nursing Nursing Thyrotoxicosis s/s - -condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone Simple goiter - -thyroid enlarges due to lack of iodine in the diet Simple Goiter Treatment - -Goal is to reduce the size of the goiter. Dietary supplements of iodine or T3 and T4 hormone replacement therapy Cushing's syndrome - -a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol Cushing's syndrome symptoms - -Obesity, wasted extremities, buffalo hump, acne, hirsutism, amenorrhea, proximal muscle weakness, striae, HTN Addison Disease S/S - -chronic fatigue, and weakness, loss of appetite with consequent weight loss, inability to retain H2O and salt= dehydration hyperpigmentation of the skin Addison's disease - -A rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones. SIADH - -syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone SIADH treatment - -Fluid restrictio Diabetes insipidus (DI) - -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH S&S of Diabetes Insipidus (Decreased ADH) - -excessive urine output and thirst, dehydration, weakness, and DKA s/s - -D-ehydration K-etones in the urine and blood, Kussmaul Resp and K+ A-cidosis, Acetone breath, Anorexia d/t nausea -Type I or II, a serious complication of insulin deficiency, break down of fats and rls of ketones HHNKS symptoms - -T2DM insulin and fluid deficiency Severe dehydration Loss of electrolytes Including potassium Neurologic changes such as stupor Nursing Nursing Gout - -hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints Gout S/S - -warmth, pain, swelling in joint-usually the big toe, pain starts at night with red/purple skin around affected area, limit