NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
what influences cardiac contractility (inotropic state) - correct answer levels of
electrolytes
High levels of ATP
level of oxygen available
synchronous muscle contraction
What electrolytes are used for cardiac muscle contraction? - correct answer sodium
potassium and calcium
What increases cardiac muscle contraction - correct answer sympathetic stimulation;
fear anxiety and increased thyroxine
what decreases cardiac muscle contraction - correct answer low ATP levels; ischemia
hypoxia or acidosis
Stimulation of what set a resting HR (chronotropic state) - correct answer
parasympathetic system
what stimulates the parasympathetic system - correct answer the vagus nerve
What does the parasympathetic system do? - correct answer It releases acetycholine
which decreases heart rate and causes vasodilation
What can extreme vagal response result in? - correct answer life threatening
bradycardia
What mediates the sympathetic system - correct answer epinephrine and
norepinephrine
What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system - correct answer
vasoconstriction and increased HR
What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? - correct answer reduced stroke volume
and fatigue
What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle? - correct answer diastole and systole
,NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles - correct answer gravity
and atriole systole
What causes the S1 heart sound? - correct answer Bicuspid/Mitral and Tricuspid valves
closing
What are the atrioventricular valves? - correct answer tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
valves
What are the semilunar valves? - correct answer pulmonary and aortic valves
What causes the semilunar valves to open? - correct answer As ventricles contract
and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves, forcing
them to open
ejection fraction - correct answer measurement of the volume percentage of left
ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
What causes the semilunar valves to close? - correct answer ventricles relax and
intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of
the semilunar valves
What causes the S2 heart sound? - correct answer closing of semilunar (aortic and
pulmonary) valves
What prevents the backflow into the ventricles - correct answer semilunar valves
Stenosis of heart valve - correct answer A narrowing of the valve opening, causing
turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber
Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? - correct answer Narrowing of the heart
valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the heart. Results may include
chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy
heart failure - correct answer cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the heart
to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion
,NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
Left sided heart failure characteristic - correct answer inability of the left ventricle to
provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation
Causes of left sided heart failure - correct answer systemic hypertension
left ventricle MI
LV hypertrophy
Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
Secondary to right heart failure
How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure - correct answer The
hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker
structure that holds more blood
How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage lead to heart failure - correct
answer damage leads to back flow into the left atrium or ventricle after ejection
Biventricular failure - correct answer unresolved left sided heart failure will increase
pressure on the right side of the heart contributing to right sided heart failure as well
How does heart failure progress from hypertension? - correct answer - high systemic
vascular pressure causes high after load requires the left ventricle to increase
contraction force to eject the blood
- damage causes reduced ejection fraction and left ventricle gets tired and becomes
unable to eject normal amount of blood
- increased amount of blood remaining in left ventricle and increased left ventricle
preload causes the left atrium unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the left
ventricle
- blood volume and pressure backs up into the pulmonary veins
- increased pressure will force fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the pulmonary
tissues
What does fluid in the pulmonary tissue result in - correct answer the areas are
flooded and results in pulmonary edema and dyspnea
, NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
cor pulmonale - correct answer right-sided heart failure
right sided heart failure - correct answer inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation
Causes of right sided heart failure - correct answer - pulmonary disease
- pulmonary hypertension
- RV MI
- RV Hypertrophy
- pulmonary SLV or tricuspid valve damage
- secondary to left heart failure
What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure - correct answer
pulmonary hypertension
Progression of right sided heart failure - correct answer - damage causes the right
ventricle to increase contraction force to eject/unload the blood
- over time EF is reduced and right ventricle us unable to eject the normal amount of
blood
- the blood remaining in the RV increases and RA preload increases until the RA is
unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the RA
- the amount of blood remaining in the right atrium increases causing an increase in
RA preload
- blood volum enad pressure then backs up into the vena cava and systemic veins
signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure - correct answer jugular vein
distension
hepatosplenomegaly
peripheral edema
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
what influences cardiac contractility (inotropic state) - correct answer levels of
electrolytes
High levels of ATP
level of oxygen available
synchronous muscle contraction
What electrolytes are used for cardiac muscle contraction? - correct answer sodium
potassium and calcium
What increases cardiac muscle contraction - correct answer sympathetic stimulation;
fear anxiety and increased thyroxine
what decreases cardiac muscle contraction - correct answer low ATP levels; ischemia
hypoxia or acidosis
Stimulation of what set a resting HR (chronotropic state) - correct answer
parasympathetic system
what stimulates the parasympathetic system - correct answer the vagus nerve
What does the parasympathetic system do? - correct answer It releases acetycholine
which decreases heart rate and causes vasodilation
What can extreme vagal response result in? - correct answer life threatening
bradycardia
What mediates the sympathetic system - correct answer epinephrine and
norepinephrine
What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system - correct answer
vasoconstriction and increased HR
What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? - correct answer reduced stroke volume
and fatigue
What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle? - correct answer diastole and systole
,NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles - correct answer gravity
and atriole systole
What causes the S1 heart sound? - correct answer Bicuspid/Mitral and Tricuspid valves
closing
What are the atrioventricular valves? - correct answer tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
valves
What are the semilunar valves? - correct answer pulmonary and aortic valves
What causes the semilunar valves to open? - correct answer As ventricles contract
and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against the SL valves, forcing
them to open
ejection fraction - correct answer measurement of the volume percentage of left
ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
What causes the semilunar valves to close? - correct answer ventricles relax and
intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, and fill the cusps of
the semilunar valves
What causes the S2 heart sound? - correct answer closing of semilunar (aortic and
pulmonary) valves
What prevents the backflow into the ventricles - correct answer semilunar valves
Stenosis of heart valve - correct answer A narrowing of the valve opening, causing
turbulent flow and enlargement of the emptying chamber
Stenosis of a heart valve, may result in what? - correct answer Narrowing of the heart
valves means that blood moves with difficulty out of the heart. Results may include
chest pain, edema in the feet or ankles, and irregular heartbeat. and hypertrophy
heart failure - correct answer cardiac dysfunction caused by the inability of the heart
to provide adequate CO resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion
,NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
Left sided heart failure characteristic - correct answer inability of the left ventricle to
provide adequate blood flow into systemic circulation
Causes of left sided heart failure - correct answer systemic hypertension
left ventricle MI
LV hypertrophy
Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage
Secondary to right heart failure
How does LV hypertrophy lead to left sided heart failure - correct answer The
hypertrophy is secondary to cardiac damage resulting in an enlarged by weaker
structure that holds more blood
How does Aortic SL valve or bicuspid valve damage lead to heart failure - correct
answer damage leads to back flow into the left atrium or ventricle after ejection
Biventricular failure - correct answer unresolved left sided heart failure will increase
pressure on the right side of the heart contributing to right sided heart failure as well
How does heart failure progress from hypertension? - correct answer - high systemic
vascular pressure causes high after load requires the left ventricle to increase
contraction force to eject the blood
- damage causes reduced ejection fraction and left ventricle gets tired and becomes
unable to eject normal amount of blood
- increased amount of blood remaining in left ventricle and increased left ventricle
preload causes the left atrium unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the left
ventricle
- blood volume and pressure backs up into the pulmonary veins
- increased pressure will force fluid from the pulmonary capillaries into the pulmonary
tissues
What does fluid in the pulmonary tissue result in - correct answer the areas are
flooded and results in pulmonary edema and dyspnea
, NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest )
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions &
Answers 100% Correct [Grade A] -
Chamberlain
cor pulmonale - correct answer right-sided heart failure
right sided heart failure - correct answer inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation
Causes of right sided heart failure - correct answer - pulmonary disease
- pulmonary hypertension
- RV MI
- RV Hypertrophy
- pulmonary SLV or tricuspid valve damage
- secondary to left heart failure
What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure - correct answer
pulmonary hypertension
Progression of right sided heart failure - correct answer - damage causes the right
ventricle to increase contraction force to eject/unload the blood
- over time EF is reduced and right ventricle us unable to eject the normal amount of
blood
- the blood remaining in the RV increases and RA preload increases until the RA is
unable to eject the normal amount of blood into the RA
- the amount of blood remaining in the right atrium increases causing an increase in
RA preload
- blood volum enad pressure then backs up into the vena cava and systemic veins
signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure - correct answer jugular vein
distension
hepatosplenomegaly
peripheral edema
