NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
What body parts do not need insulin for glucose transport? - correct answer Brain,
RBC's, kidney, and eye lens.
High glucose levels cause inhibition of ______________ release. - correct answer
glucagon
Low glucose levels and sympathetic stimulation cause_________________release -
correct answer glucagon
What also stimulates glucagon release? - correct answer Amino acids such as alanine,
glycine, and asparagine. Also a protein-rich meal.
What is incretin? - correct answer Hormones secreted from endocrine cells in the GI
tract in the presence of carbs, proteins and fats.
Glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1) - correct answer is a major incretin hormone
Incretins enhance beta-cell mass and replenish intracellular stores of what? - correct
answer Insulin.
Amylin, what is it? - correct answer (Islet amyloid polypeptide) is a peptide hormone
co-secreted with insulin by beta cells in response to nutrient stimuli.
Amylin regulates what? By doing what? - correct answer Blood glucose levels, by
delaying nutrient uptake and suppressing glucagon secretion after meals.
Amylin also has a ___________effect. - correct answer Satiety
Aggregatged Amylin has __________________properties and contributes to the loss of
beta cells in Type 2 DM and in islet cell transplants. - correct answer cytotoxic
Somatostatin? - correct answer Produced by delta cells of pancreas
Pancreatic Somatostatin is important in what? - correct answer essential in carb, fat
and protein metabolism (homeostasis of ingested nutrients)
,NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Pancreatic somatostatin differs from hypothalamic somatostatin in that hypothalamic
inhibits release of ____________hormone and ________. - correct answer Growth, TSH
Pancreatic somatostatin is involved in regulating ______________and _______________cell
function. - correct answer Alpha and Beta by inhibiting secretion of insulin, glucagon,
and pancreatic polypeptide.
Adrenal Glands - correct answer paired pyramid shaped organ located behind the
peritoneum and close to upper pole of each kidney.
Two separate portions of Adrenal glands include what? - correct answer outer cortex
and inner medulla
Adrenal cortex accounts for______% of weight of the adult gland. - correct answer 80%
Zona glomerulosa (of adrenal gland) the outer layer primarily produces
__________________________. - correct answer Mineralocorticoid aldosterone
Zona fasciculata (of adrenal gland) the middle layer primarily secretes_____________ -
correct answer glucocorticoids cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone
Zona reticular, (adrenal gland) inner layer, secretes____________. - correct answer
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), adrenal androgens and estrogens, and
glucocorticoids.
The cells of the adrenal cortex are stimulated by the
________________hormone____________. - correct answer Anterior pituitary hormone
ACTH
The adrenal cortex secretes several steroid hormones, including the glucocorticoids
(mainly cortisol), mineralocorticoids, (aldosterone), and the adrenal androgens and
estrogens. These hormones are all synthesized from __________________. - correct
answer Cholesterol
Glucocorticoids have what effects? - correct answer metabolic, neurologic, anti-
inflammatory, and growth suppressing effects.
, NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Glucocorticoid refers to those steroids that have direct effects on
________________________metabolism. - correct answer carbohydrate
Glucocorticoid hormones increase blood glucose concentration by promoting
_________________in the ______________and decreasing uptake of ______________into the
muscle cells adipose cells and lymphatic cells. - correct answer Gluconeogenesis in
the liver.
Glucose
Glucocorticoids stimulate protein____________and inhibit amino acid uptake and protein
synthesis. - correct answer catabolism (The ultimate affect on the body)
A major immune suppressant effect is a glucocorticoid-mediated decrease in the
proliferation of T lymphocytes, primarily ____________________lymphocytes. - correct
answer T-Helper Lymphocytes.
Glucocorticoids decrease immune and inflammatory response by decreasing
________________cell activity and suppressing synthesis, secretion, and actions of
chemical mediators involved in inflammatory and immune responses. - correct answer
Natural killer cell activity
Glucocorticoids inhibit bone______, ADH_________, and stimulation of _____________acid
secretion. - correct answer Formation, ADH secretion, and gastric
High levels of glucocorticoids increase circulating______________leading to
______________. - correct answer erythrocytes leading to polycythemia.
High levels of glucocorticoids also increase________________ - correct answer Appetite
and promote fat deposition in face and cervical area.
Cortisol is the most ________________of the naturally occurring glucocorticoids. - correct
answer Potent
What is the main secretory product of the adrenal cortex? - correct answer Cortisol
What does cortisol do in the body? - correct answer Protects from stress
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
What body parts do not need insulin for glucose transport? - correct answer Brain,
RBC's, kidney, and eye lens.
High glucose levels cause inhibition of ______________ release. - correct answer
glucagon
Low glucose levels and sympathetic stimulation cause_________________release -
correct answer glucagon
What also stimulates glucagon release? - correct answer Amino acids such as alanine,
glycine, and asparagine. Also a protein-rich meal.
What is incretin? - correct answer Hormones secreted from endocrine cells in the GI
tract in the presence of carbs, proteins and fats.
Glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1) - correct answer is a major incretin hormone
Incretins enhance beta-cell mass and replenish intracellular stores of what? - correct
answer Insulin.
Amylin, what is it? - correct answer (Islet amyloid polypeptide) is a peptide hormone
co-secreted with insulin by beta cells in response to nutrient stimuli.
Amylin regulates what? By doing what? - correct answer Blood glucose levels, by
delaying nutrient uptake and suppressing glucagon secretion after meals.
Amylin also has a ___________effect. - correct answer Satiety
Aggregatged Amylin has __________________properties and contributes to the loss of
beta cells in Type 2 DM and in islet cell transplants. - correct answer cytotoxic
Somatostatin? - correct answer Produced by delta cells of pancreas
Pancreatic Somatostatin is important in what? - correct answer essential in carb, fat
and protein metabolism (homeostasis of ingested nutrients)
,NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Pancreatic somatostatin differs from hypothalamic somatostatin in that hypothalamic
inhibits release of ____________hormone and ________. - correct answer Growth, TSH
Pancreatic somatostatin is involved in regulating ______________and _______________cell
function. - correct answer Alpha and Beta by inhibiting secretion of insulin, glucagon,
and pancreatic polypeptide.
Adrenal Glands - correct answer paired pyramid shaped organ located behind the
peritoneum and close to upper pole of each kidney.
Two separate portions of Adrenal glands include what? - correct answer outer cortex
and inner medulla
Adrenal cortex accounts for______% of weight of the adult gland. - correct answer 80%
Zona glomerulosa (of adrenal gland) the outer layer primarily produces
__________________________. - correct answer Mineralocorticoid aldosterone
Zona fasciculata (of adrenal gland) the middle layer primarily secretes_____________ -
correct answer glucocorticoids cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone
Zona reticular, (adrenal gland) inner layer, secretes____________. - correct answer
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), adrenal androgens and estrogens, and
glucocorticoids.
The cells of the adrenal cortex are stimulated by the
________________hormone____________. - correct answer Anterior pituitary hormone
ACTH
The adrenal cortex secretes several steroid hormones, including the glucocorticoids
(mainly cortisol), mineralocorticoids, (aldosterone), and the adrenal androgens and
estrogens. These hormones are all synthesized from __________________. - correct
answer Cholesterol
Glucocorticoids have what effects? - correct answer metabolic, neurologic, anti-
inflammatory, and growth suppressing effects.
, NR 507 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025 /
2026) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Review Questions with Verified Answers
100% Correct [Grade A] - Chamberlain
Glucocorticoid refers to those steroids that have direct effects on
________________________metabolism. - correct answer carbohydrate
Glucocorticoid hormones increase blood glucose concentration by promoting
_________________in the ______________and decreasing uptake of ______________into the
muscle cells adipose cells and lymphatic cells. - correct answer Gluconeogenesis in
the liver.
Glucose
Glucocorticoids stimulate protein____________and inhibit amino acid uptake and protein
synthesis. - correct answer catabolism (The ultimate affect on the body)
A major immune suppressant effect is a glucocorticoid-mediated decrease in the
proliferation of T lymphocytes, primarily ____________________lymphocytes. - correct
answer T-Helper Lymphocytes.
Glucocorticoids decrease immune and inflammatory response by decreasing
________________cell activity and suppressing synthesis, secretion, and actions of
chemical mediators involved in inflammatory and immune responses. - correct answer
Natural killer cell activity
Glucocorticoids inhibit bone______, ADH_________, and stimulation of _____________acid
secretion. - correct answer Formation, ADH secretion, and gastric
High levels of glucocorticoids increase circulating______________leading to
______________. - correct answer erythrocytes leading to polycythemia.
High levels of glucocorticoids also increase________________ - correct answer Appetite
and promote fat deposition in face and cervical area.
Cortisol is the most ________________of the naturally occurring glucocorticoids. - correct
answer Potent
What is the main secretory product of the adrenal cortex? - correct answer Cortisol
What does cortisol do in the body? - correct answer Protects from stress
