c. an autoimmune disorder.
Test Bank For d. recovery from infectious disease.
Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition by Mary Louise Turgeon
ANS: C
Chapter 1-27 The desirable consequences of immunity include natural resistance, recovery, and acquired
resistance to infectious diseases. A deficiency or dysfunction of the immune system can cause
Chapter 01: Highlights of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems many disorders. Undesirable consequences of immunity include allergy, rejection of a
transplanted organ, or an autoimmune disorder.
MULTIPLE CHOICE DIF: Cognitive Level: I
1. The ―father‖ of immunology is generally considered to be 5. The immune system has various distinctive characteristics except;
a. Koch. a. specificity.
b. Pasteur. b. memory.
c. Gram. c. mobility.
d. Salk. d. noncooperation among different cells.
ANS: B ANS: D
Louis Pasteur is generally considered to be the ―father of immunology.‖ The immune system is composed of a large, complex set of widely distributed elements, with
the distinctive characteristics of specificity, memory, mobility, replicability, and cooperation
DIF: Cognitive Level: I among different cells or cellular products. Specificity and memory are characteristics of
lymphocytes in the immune system. Nonspecific elements of the immune system demonstrate
2. An early form of immunization was practiced by the mobility. In addition, specific and nonspecific cellular components of the immune system can
a. Romans. replicate. Cooperation is required for optimal functioning, and interaction involves specific
b. Greeks. cellular elements, cell products, and nonlymphoid elements.
c. Chinese.
d. Native Americans. DIF: Cognitive Level: I
ANS: C 6. Hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during the
Beginning about 1000 AD, the Chinese practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried a. immediate hours after conception
powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions. b. second month of gestation.
c. second trimester of gestation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I d. periods of severe anemia in children.
3. A specific function of the immune system is to ANS: A
a. recognize self from nonself. The sites of blood cell development, or hematopoiesis, follow a definite sequence in the
b. defend the body against nonself. embryo and fetus. Hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during the second month of gestation.
c. amplify specific functions.
d. Both A and B. DIF: Cognitive Level: II
ANS: D 7. The sequence of blood cell development in the embryo and fetus is
The function of the immune system is to recognize self from nonself and defend the body a. yolk sac, liver-spleen, bone marrow.
against nonself. Such a system is necessary for survival. The immune system also has b. yolk sac, bone marrow, liver/spleen.
nonspecific effector mechanisms that usually amplify the specific functions. Nonspecific c. liver-spleen, yolk sac, bone marrow.
components of the immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear d. bone marrow, liver-spleen, yolk sac.
leukocytes, and soluble factors (e.g., complement).
ANS: A
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
4. An undesirable consequence of immunity is
a. natural resistance.
b. acquired resistance to infectious diseases.
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, The first blood cells are primitive red blood cells (erythroblasts; RBCs) formed in the islets of An increase in eosinophils is associated with a wide variety of conditions, but especially with
the yolk sac during the first 2 to 8 weeks of life. Gradually, the liver and spleen replace the allergic reactions, drug reactions, certain skin disorders, parasitic infestations, collagen
yolk sac as the sites of blood cell development. By the second month of gestation, the liver vascular diseases, Hodgkin disease, and myeloproliferative diseases.
becomes the major site of hematopoiesis, and granular types of leukocytes have made their
initial appearance. The liver and spleen predominate from about 2 to 5 months of fetal life. In A functional property related to the membrane receptors of the eosinophil is the cell’s ability
the fourth month of gestation, bone marrow begins to produce blood cells. After the fifth fetal to interact with the larval stages of some helminth parasites and damage them by oxidative
month, bone marrow begins to assume its ultimate role as the primary site of hematopoiesis. mechanisms. Certain proteins released from eosinophilic granules damage antibody-coated
Schistosoma parasites and may account for damage to endothelial cells in hypereosinophilic
DIF: Cognitive Level: II syndromes.
8. The primary function of mature neutrophils is DIF: Cognitive Level: I
a. to reduce inflammation.
b. to lyse parasites in the circulatory system. 11. A basophil degranulates in a(n)
c. antigen recognition. a. inflammatory reaction.
d. phagocytosis. b. immediate (acute) hypersensitivity reaction.
c. chronic tissue rejection.
ANS: D d. Both A and B.
Various phagocytic cells continually circulate throughout the blood, lymph, gastrointestinal
system, and respiratory tract. When trauma occurs, the neutrophils arrive at the site of injury ANS: B
and can be found in the initial exudate in less than 1 hour. Monocytes are slower in moving to Basophils have high concentrations of heparin and histamine in their granules. If events are
the inflammatory site. Macrophages resident in the tissues of the body are already in place to triggered by antigens from pollen, food, drugs, or insect venom, the result is an immediate
deal with an intruding agent. Additional macrophages from the bone marrow and other tissues hypersensitivity reaction.
can be released in severe infections.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
12. Mononuclear cells are effective phagocytic cells against
9. Primary granules, or azurophilic granules, in neutrophils contain a. staphylococci.
a. lysozyme. b. streptococci.
b. myeloperoxidase. c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
c. lactoferrin. d. pneumonia.
d. Both A and B. ANS: C
ANS: D Mononuclear cells are particularly effective as phagocytic cells because of the large amounts
Granules in the phagocyte cytosol contain degradatory enzymes of three types of lipase in their cytoplasm. Lipase is able to attack bacteria with a lipid capsule, such as
1. Primary, or azurophilic, granules containing enzymes (e.g., lysozyme, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
myeloperoxidase)
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
2. Secondary, or specific, granules containing substances such as lactoferrin.
3. Tertiary granules containing substances such as caspases
13. Macrophages
a. process antigens.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
b. physically present biologically modified antigens to lymphocytes.
10. The origin of a condition when eosinophils are increased in the circulating blood is associated c. secrete a lymphocyte-activating factor (IL-1) as a result of proper MHC
with: recognition.
a. fungus d. All of the above.
b. parasitic amoeba ANS: D
c. allergic reactions The phagocytic property of the macrophage is particularly important in the processing of
d. bacteria antigens as part of the immune response. Macrophages are believed to process antigens and
ANS: C physically present this biochemically modified and more reactive form of antigen to
lymphocytes (particularly T helper cells) as an initial step in the immune response.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
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, a. genome.
14. Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by b. pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
a. B lymphocytes. c. pattern-recognition receptors.
b. T lymphocytes. d. complement.
c. monocytes-macrophages.
d. Both B and C. ANS: C
The number of genes encoded in an organism is called its genome. The innate immune
ANS: D response may not be able to recognize every possible antigen, but rather may focus on a few
Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic large groups of microorganisms, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The
cells (i.e., monocytes-macrophages). receptors of the innate immune system that recognize these PAMPs are called pattern
recognition receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors).
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
15. B lymphocytes respond to
a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. 19. The innate immune system is
b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells. a. the most ancient form of host defense.
c. native antigenic determinants of appropriate fit. b. divided into two components, each with a different function.
d. antigens floating in body fluids. c. mediated by germline-encoded receptors.
d. Both A and C.
ANS: C
The B type of lymphocyte can probably respond to a native antigenic determinant of the ANS: D
appropriate ―fit.‖ The innate immune system is an ancient form of host defense that appeared before the
adaptive immune system. Some form of innate immunity probably exists in all multicellular
DIF: Cognitive Level: I organisms. Innate immune recognition is mediated by germline-encoded receptors, which
means that the specificity of each receptor is genetically predetermined. Germline-encoded
16. T lymphocytes respond to receptors evolved by natural selection to have defined specificities for infectious
a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. microorganisms.
b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells.
c. native antigenic determinants of appropriate fit. DIF: Cognitive Level: II
d. antigens floating in body fluids.
20. Mechanisms of innate immunity
ANS: A
a. are activated immediately after infection.
The T type of lymphocyte responds to antigens presented by other cells in the context of
b. quickly begin to control multiplication.
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.
c. are organized around T and B lymphocytes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I d. Both A and B.
ANS: D
17. Cytokines Mechanisms of innate immunity (e.g., phagocytes) and the alternate complement pathways
a. are produced by various cells of the immune system including lymphocytes, are activated immediately after infection and quickly begin to control the multiplication of
monocytes, macrophages. infecting microorganisms.
b. act on various elements of the immune system.
c. are molecular structures. DIF: Cognitive Level: II
d. All of the above.
21. A specific component of the adaptive immune system formed in response to antigenic
ANS: D
Lymphocytes are immunologically active through various types of direct cell-to-cell contact stimulation is
a. complement.
and by the production of soluble factors. Nonspecific soluble factors are made by, or act on,
b. immunoglobulin.
various elements of the immune system. These molecules are collectively called cytokines.
c. increased secretion of mucus.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I d. enhanced phagocytosis.
ANS: B
18. Another name for Toll-like receptors is
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, If specific antibodies have been formed to antigenic stimulation, they are available to protect Artificial passive immunity is achieved by infusion of serum or plasma containing high
the body against foreign substances. The recognition of foreign substances and subsequent concentrations of antibody or lymphocytes from an actively immunized individual. Passive
production of antibodies to these substances defines immunity. immunity via preformed antibodies in serum provides immediate, temporary antibody
protection against microorganisms (e.g., hepatitis A) by administering preformed antibodies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
22. Acquired immunity can result from
a. vaccination by injection of an antigen. 26. In the first line of nonspecific body defense, intact skin, is cut with a piece of glass
b. contracting a disease. contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, which cellular component of the immune system
c. genetic inheritance. quickly responds?
d. Both A and B. a. T lymphocytes
b. B lymphocytes
ANS: D
c. Neutrophils
Antibody-mediated immunity to infection can be acquired if the antibodies are formed by the
d. Platelets
host or if they are received from another source; these two types of acquired immunity are
called active immunity and passive immunity, respectively. ANS: C
The neutrophilic leukocyte, particularly the polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) type,
DIF: Cognitive Level: I provides an effective host defense against bacterial and fungal infections.
23. A child who contracts a contagious disease from an older sibling could develop a form of DIF: Cognitive Level: II
immunity against the disease due to the mechanism of:
a. natural active
b. artificial active
c. natural passive
d. artificial passive
ANS: A
Active immunity can be acquired by natural exposure in response to an infection or natural
series of infections, or through intentional injection of an antigen.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
24. Preschool children who are vaccinated against specific microorganisms would be expected to
develop a form of immunity against those microorganisms due to the immune mechanism of:
a. natural active
b. artificial active
c. natural passive
d. artificial passive
ANS: B
Vaccination is an effective artificial method of stimulating antibody production and memory
(acquired resistance) without contracting the disease.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
25. Artificial passive immunity is achieved by
a. vaccination.
b. contracting a disease.
c. infusion or injection of preformed specific antibody.
d. transfer in vivo.
ANS: C
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Test Bank For d. recovery from infectious disease.
Immunology and Serology in Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition by Mary Louise Turgeon
ANS: C
Chapter 1-27 The desirable consequences of immunity include natural resistance, recovery, and acquired
resistance to infectious diseases. A deficiency or dysfunction of the immune system can cause
Chapter 01: Highlights of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems many disorders. Undesirable consequences of immunity include allergy, rejection of a
transplanted organ, or an autoimmune disorder.
MULTIPLE CHOICE DIF: Cognitive Level: I
1. The ―father‖ of immunology is generally considered to be 5. The immune system has various distinctive characteristics except;
a. Koch. a. specificity.
b. Pasteur. b. memory.
c. Gram. c. mobility.
d. Salk. d. noncooperation among different cells.
ANS: B ANS: D
Louis Pasteur is generally considered to be the ―father of immunology.‖ The immune system is composed of a large, complex set of widely distributed elements, with
the distinctive characteristics of specificity, memory, mobility, replicability, and cooperation
DIF: Cognitive Level: I among different cells or cellular products. Specificity and memory are characteristics of
lymphocytes in the immune system. Nonspecific elements of the immune system demonstrate
2. An early form of immunization was practiced by the mobility. In addition, specific and nonspecific cellular components of the immune system can
a. Romans. replicate. Cooperation is required for optimal functioning, and interaction involves specific
b. Greeks. cellular elements, cell products, and nonlymphoid elements.
c. Chinese.
d. Native Americans. DIF: Cognitive Level: I
ANS: C 6. Hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during the
Beginning about 1000 AD, the Chinese practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried a. immediate hours after conception
powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions. b. second month of gestation.
c. second trimester of gestation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I d. periods of severe anemia in children.
3. A specific function of the immune system is to ANS: A
a. recognize self from nonself. The sites of blood cell development, or hematopoiesis, follow a definite sequence in the
b. defend the body against nonself. embryo and fetus. Hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during the second month of gestation.
c. amplify specific functions.
d. Both A and B. DIF: Cognitive Level: II
ANS: D 7. The sequence of blood cell development in the embryo and fetus is
The function of the immune system is to recognize self from nonself and defend the body a. yolk sac, liver-spleen, bone marrow.
against nonself. Such a system is necessary for survival. The immune system also has b. yolk sac, bone marrow, liver/spleen.
nonspecific effector mechanisms that usually amplify the specific functions. Nonspecific c. liver-spleen, yolk sac, bone marrow.
components of the immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear d. bone marrow, liver-spleen, yolk sac.
leukocytes, and soluble factors (e.g., complement).
ANS: A
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
4. An undesirable consequence of immunity is
a. natural resistance.
b. acquired resistance to infectious diseases.
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, The first blood cells are primitive red blood cells (erythroblasts; RBCs) formed in the islets of An increase in eosinophils is associated with a wide variety of conditions, but especially with
the yolk sac during the first 2 to 8 weeks of life. Gradually, the liver and spleen replace the allergic reactions, drug reactions, certain skin disorders, parasitic infestations, collagen
yolk sac as the sites of blood cell development. By the second month of gestation, the liver vascular diseases, Hodgkin disease, and myeloproliferative diseases.
becomes the major site of hematopoiesis, and granular types of leukocytes have made their
initial appearance. The liver and spleen predominate from about 2 to 5 months of fetal life. In A functional property related to the membrane receptors of the eosinophil is the cell’s ability
the fourth month of gestation, bone marrow begins to produce blood cells. After the fifth fetal to interact with the larval stages of some helminth parasites and damage them by oxidative
month, bone marrow begins to assume its ultimate role as the primary site of hematopoiesis. mechanisms. Certain proteins released from eosinophilic granules damage antibody-coated
Schistosoma parasites and may account for damage to endothelial cells in hypereosinophilic
DIF: Cognitive Level: II syndromes.
8. The primary function of mature neutrophils is DIF: Cognitive Level: I
a. to reduce inflammation.
b. to lyse parasites in the circulatory system. 11. A basophil degranulates in a(n)
c. antigen recognition. a. inflammatory reaction.
d. phagocytosis. b. immediate (acute) hypersensitivity reaction.
c. chronic tissue rejection.
ANS: D d. Both A and B.
Various phagocytic cells continually circulate throughout the blood, lymph, gastrointestinal
system, and respiratory tract. When trauma occurs, the neutrophils arrive at the site of injury ANS: B
and can be found in the initial exudate in less than 1 hour. Monocytes are slower in moving to Basophils have high concentrations of heparin and histamine in their granules. If events are
the inflammatory site. Macrophages resident in the tissues of the body are already in place to triggered by antigens from pollen, food, drugs, or insect venom, the result is an immediate
deal with an intruding agent. Additional macrophages from the bone marrow and other tissues hypersensitivity reaction.
can be released in severe infections.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
12. Mononuclear cells are effective phagocytic cells against
9. Primary granules, or azurophilic granules, in neutrophils contain a. staphylococci.
a. lysozyme. b. streptococci.
b. myeloperoxidase. c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
c. lactoferrin. d. pneumonia.
d. Both A and B. ANS: C
ANS: D Mononuclear cells are particularly effective as phagocytic cells because of the large amounts
Granules in the phagocyte cytosol contain degradatory enzymes of three types of lipase in their cytoplasm. Lipase is able to attack bacteria with a lipid capsule, such as
1. Primary, or azurophilic, granules containing enzymes (e.g., lysozyme, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
myeloperoxidase)
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
2. Secondary, or specific, granules containing substances such as lactoferrin.
3. Tertiary granules containing substances such as caspases
13. Macrophages
a. process antigens.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
b. physically present biologically modified antigens to lymphocytes.
10. The origin of a condition when eosinophils are increased in the circulating blood is associated c. secrete a lymphocyte-activating factor (IL-1) as a result of proper MHC
with: recognition.
a. fungus d. All of the above.
b. parasitic amoeba ANS: D
c. allergic reactions The phagocytic property of the macrophage is particularly important in the processing of
d. bacteria antigens as part of the immune response. Macrophages are believed to process antigens and
ANS: C physically present this biochemically modified and more reactive form of antigen to
lymphocytes (particularly T helper cells) as an initial step in the immune response.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
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, a. genome.
14. Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by b. pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
a. B lymphocytes. c. pattern-recognition receptors.
b. T lymphocytes. d. complement.
c. monocytes-macrophages.
d. Both B and C. ANS: C
The number of genes encoded in an organism is called its genome. The innate immune
ANS: D response may not be able to recognize every possible antigen, but rather may focus on a few
Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic large groups of microorganisms, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The
cells (i.e., monocytes-macrophages). receptors of the innate immune system that recognize these PAMPs are called pattern
recognition receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors).
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
15. B lymphocytes respond to
a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. 19. The innate immune system is
b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells. a. the most ancient form of host defense.
c. native antigenic determinants of appropriate fit. b. divided into two components, each with a different function.
d. antigens floating in body fluids. c. mediated by germline-encoded receptors.
d. Both A and C.
ANS: C
The B type of lymphocyte can probably respond to a native antigenic determinant of the ANS: D
appropriate ―fit.‖ The innate immune system is an ancient form of host defense that appeared before the
adaptive immune system. Some form of innate immunity probably exists in all multicellular
DIF: Cognitive Level: I organisms. Innate immune recognition is mediated by germline-encoded receptors, which
means that the specificity of each receptor is genetically predetermined. Germline-encoded
16. T lymphocytes respond to receptors evolved by natural selection to have defined specificities for infectious
a. antigens presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. microorganisms.
b. antigens on microorganisms or other living cells.
c. native antigenic determinants of appropriate fit. DIF: Cognitive Level: II
d. antigens floating in body fluids.
20. Mechanisms of innate immunity
ANS: A
a. are activated immediately after infection.
The T type of lymphocyte responds to antigens presented by other cells in the context of
b. quickly begin to control multiplication.
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.
c. are organized around T and B lymphocytes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I d. Both A and B.
ANS: D
17. Cytokines Mechanisms of innate immunity (e.g., phagocytes) and the alternate complement pathways
a. are produced by various cells of the immune system including lymphocytes, are activated immediately after infection and quickly begin to control the multiplication of
monocytes, macrophages. infecting microorganisms.
b. act on various elements of the immune system.
c. are molecular structures. DIF: Cognitive Level: II
d. All of the above.
21. A specific component of the adaptive immune system formed in response to antigenic
ANS: D
Lymphocytes are immunologically active through various types of direct cell-to-cell contact stimulation is
a. complement.
and by the production of soluble factors. Nonspecific soluble factors are made by, or act on,
b. immunoglobulin.
various elements of the immune system. These molecules are collectively called cytokines.
c. increased secretion of mucus.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I d. enhanced phagocytosis.
ANS: B
18. Another name for Toll-like receptors is
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, If specific antibodies have been formed to antigenic stimulation, they are available to protect Artificial passive immunity is achieved by infusion of serum or plasma containing high
the body against foreign substances. The recognition of foreign substances and subsequent concentrations of antibody or lymphocytes from an actively immunized individual. Passive
production of antibodies to these substances defines immunity. immunity via preformed antibodies in serum provides immediate, temporary antibody
protection against microorganisms (e.g., hepatitis A) by administering preformed antibodies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
22. Acquired immunity can result from
a. vaccination by injection of an antigen. 26. In the first line of nonspecific body defense, intact skin, is cut with a piece of glass
b. contracting a disease. contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, which cellular component of the immune system
c. genetic inheritance. quickly responds?
d. Both A and B. a. T lymphocytes
b. B lymphocytes
ANS: D
c. Neutrophils
Antibody-mediated immunity to infection can be acquired if the antibodies are formed by the
d. Platelets
host or if they are received from another source; these two types of acquired immunity are
called active immunity and passive immunity, respectively. ANS: C
The neutrophilic leukocyte, particularly the polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) type,
DIF: Cognitive Level: I provides an effective host defense against bacterial and fungal infections.
23. A child who contracts a contagious disease from an older sibling could develop a form of DIF: Cognitive Level: II
immunity against the disease due to the mechanism of:
a. natural active
b. artificial active
c. natural passive
d. artificial passive
ANS: A
Active immunity can be acquired by natural exposure in response to an infection or natural
series of infections, or through intentional injection of an antigen.
DIF: Cognitive Level: II
24. Preschool children who are vaccinated against specific microorganisms would be expected to
develop a form of immunity against those microorganisms due to the immune mechanism of:
a. natural active
b. artificial active
c. natural passive
d. artificial passive
ANS: B
Vaccination is an effective artificial method of stimulating antibody production and memory
(acquired resistance) without contracting the disease.
DIF: Cognitive Level: I
25. Artificial passive immunity is achieved by
a. vaccination.
b. contracting a disease.
c. infusion or injection of preformed specific antibody.
d. transfer in vivo.
ANS: C
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