Biology 316 Exam 1 2025

Biology 316 Exam 1 2025 Abiotic stressors - -nonliving stressors Eg. Physical and chemical factors that interact with the animal like temperature, oxygen, salinity, UV, toxicants, wind, rain Biotic stressors - -living stressors Eg. Direct and indirect effects of other organisms including competition (reproductive competition) , predation, and habitat modification Coarse scale - -biome Finer scale - -ecosystem - the finest scale is a microenvironment of microhabitat Regulators - -animals that have a PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM for keeping a variable around a set point. Eg. Body temp in humans stays around 98.6° Conformers - -animals that LACK a physiological mechanism for keeping a variable around a set point. Eg. Lizards body temps will mimic the ambient temperature of their environment. Homeostasis - -physiological mechanism to regulate a body parameter. The ability of a body to regulate a variable at a set point using physiological control mechanisms. Negative feedback - -this turns a response loop off decreasing a variable Response loop - -this turns on and will increase a variable Set point - -homeostasis is attempting to keep a variable at this temp Normal range - -expected variable measurements Genotype - -defines the set of a available genes that may or may not be expressed Phenotype - -defines the observed characteristics of the individual and therefore a representation of expressed genes Phenotypic plasticity - -described the interplay between genotype, environment, and phenotype Eg. A phenotype is considered plastic when individuals with identical genotypes display different phenotypes depending on the environment. BIOL 316 BIOL 316 Adjust - -animals, in response to changing conditions will ________ their physiology to optimize performance. Acclimation - -the functional compensation over periods of days to weeks in response to a SINGLE environmental factor (usually lab-based research changing temp only) Acclimatization - -the functional compensation over periods of days to weeks in response to MULTIPLE environmental factors (ex. Manipulating temp, humidity, and wind speed) Natural selection - -occurs when the fittest individuals can survive and reproduce. We observe selection of the fittest phenotype and their associated genes. - over time, adaptation will occur and will increase the frequency in the favored genes. Energy (E) - -common currency of all life (calories or joules). This is used to do physiological work. This can also exist as heat. -This cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change its form 3 types of physiological work - -electrical work, mechanical work, chemical work Heat - -energy transfers between forms of physiological work are inefficient and some energy will be lost as ______ Gross energy (of energy flow in animals) - -the food that animals ingest Net energy (of energy flow in animals) - -the absorbed chemical energy from ingest food that is used to body functions Biosynthesis - -(production): growth, reproduction, and storage Internal work - -(maintenance): maintenance of body function and digestion External work - -(maintenance): moving around the landscape to obtain resources, find mates, etc. Waste - -unabsorbed and unmetabolized energy is lost as urinary and fecal ________ High grade energy - -used to perform physiological work (electrical, mechanical, and chemical) Low grade energy - -heat. This energy cannot be used to perform work Importance of metabolic rate (MR) - - 1) sums of all work done by the body and can be indicative of an animals intensity of living BIOL 316 BIOL 316 2) determines an animals food requirements 3) determines the drain an animals places on the energy supply of its ecosystem Direct calorimetry - -Determines metabolic rate (mr) of an animal by measuring the rate of heat production (volume of ice melted per unit time) -usually done in a laboratory setting Indirect calorimetry - -determines metabolic rate by measuring the rate of O2 consumption and CO2 production. Respiratory quotient - -(ml CO2 produced/ml O2 consumed) This indicated the type of fuiel that is used by the animals. Measured under areobic conditions Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - -the metabolic rate of an endotherm in a post-absorptive state and free of physical, thermal (within the neutral temp zone), and psychological stressors. (TNZ means the animals does not expend energy to heat or cool the body) Standard metabolic rate (SMR) - -metabolic rate of an ectotherm restrictions as BMR except a set ambient temperature must be picked since the metabolic rate (MR) of an ectotherm is affected by temperature. Field metabolic rate (FMR) - -the rate of energy metabolism during normal activity which includes digestion and exposure to temperatures outside of the temperature neutral zone Maximum metabolic rate (MMR) - -the rate of energy metabolism during maximum activity Endotherms - --high basal metabolic rate (BMR BMR raises body temp above ambient temp -narrow range of body temps -cellular functions are conducted under a reliable thermal regime -high MMR -high water loss Ectotherms - --low standard metabolic rate (SMR) (cheap) SMR does NOT raise body temp above ambient temperature -wide range of body temps -low MMR (maximum metabolic rate) -low water loss -unique body shapes (sa/v ratio) Y=a(mass)b - -general relationship between body mass and a parameter (eg. Y= metabolic rate) BIOL 316 BIOL 316 Isometric relationship - -proportional change between measured parameter and body mass Y=a(mass) 1 Allometric relationship - -nonproportional change between measured parameter and body mass Y=a(mass) (not equal to 1) Max Rubner's "Surface Law" - -Assumption that b=0.67 in the relationship between body mass and a measured parameter because heat loss would be determined by the ratio of surface are to body volume - small animals have more surface area per unit volume (weight) when compared to large animals. Thus, they would have to generate more heat to maintain their core body temperature. Max Kleiber's Law - -this individual showed that b is actually closer to about 0.75 Whole animal metabolic rate (WAMR) - -allometric data because the metabolic rate of a whole animal increases slower than the increase in mass so they relationship is not proportional Mass specific metabolic rate (MSMR) - -this rate determines the energetic cost per unit mass of an organism. Allometric data (mass specific metabolic rates decrease with increasing body mass) Mass specific mr= a(mass)(b-1) Endotherms - -do endotherms or ectotherms have a higher resting metabolic rate. Specific dynamic action (SDA) - -mechanical, electrical, and chemical Energy used for digestion, absorption, and assimilation of a meal (md in energy budget equation) -SDA increases in metabolic rate following food consumption (dependent on size of the meal as well) Ts - -Body surface denotion Ta - -Environment denotion Tb - -Body core denotion Metabolism - -heat generated due to chemical, mechanical, and electrical processes Conduction - -heat loss or gain due to direct contact of a medium with the body Convection - -heat loss or gain due to a medium moving across the body